The early immune response after L.

chagasi challenge was analyzed in different groups. We determined the cytokine patterns in the supernatant of PBMCs comparing the different treatments (VSA – Fig. 2A and SLcA – Fig. 2B), different time points (T0 and T90), and different experimental groups, at each time point. Comparison Navitoclax between T0 and T90 showed that the C group had increased levels of TNF-α production (P < 0.05) and lower levels of IL-4 production (P < 0.05) at T90 upon VSA and SLcA stimulation. Additionally, C group had higher levels of IL-12 in SLcA-stimulated PBMCs (P < 0.05) and higher levels of IFN-γ production in VSA-stimulated PBMCs (P < 0.05) at T90. The Sap group showed increased levels (P < 0.05) of TNF-α and IL-10 production and reduction of IL-4 levels at T90. In SLcA-stimulated cultures, the Sap group presented higher levels (P < 0.05) of TNF-α and IFN-γ. The LB group showed increased levels (P < 0.05) of TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-10 production and reduction of IL-4 in VSA-stimulated PBMCs at T90.

In cultures stimulated with SLcA, the LB group shown increased levels (P < 0.05) of IFN-γ. Interestingly, the LBSap vaccine induced higher levels of IL-12 at T90 in PBMCs stimulated with VSA. Furthermore, in the presence of SLcA, LBSap vaccine induced higher levels of IFN-γ (P < 0.05). The reduced levels of IL-4, which occurred in the other groups, were retained (P < 0.05) in the LBSap group at T90 for both stimuli (VSA and SLcA). The comparative analysis between the experimental groups showed, at T90, increased levels (P < 0.05) of IL-4, in SLcA-stimulated cultures in the LB group and VSA-stimulated no Selleckchem Ku0059436 cultures in the LBSap group, in relation to C group. Interestingly, the SLcA-stimulated PBMCs from LBSap group showed increased levels (P < 0.05) of IL-12 compared to LB and Sap groups at T90. Furthermore, increased levels (P < 0.05) of IFN-γ in the LBSap when compared to C, Sap and LB

groups were observed. The late immune response after L. chagasi challenge was studied in different groups with regard to the cytokine levels in the supernatant of PBMCs treated with VSA ( Fig. 3A) or SLcA ( Fig. 3B), and the T0 and T885 data were compared, besides the comparisons between experimental groups, at each time. In the comparison between T0 and T885, the results showed that the C group had increased levels of TNF-α in VSA-stimulated PBMCs (P < 0.05) and decreased levels of IL-4 production (P < 0.05) in the presence of SLcA at T885. The Sap and LB groups presented increased levels of IL-12 (P < 0.05) at T885 in the presence of the VSA stimulus, as compared to T0. In the presence of the SLcA stimulus, the LB group had decreased levels of IL-4 (P < 0.05) at T885, as compared to T0. Similarly, the group LBSap had decreased levels of IL-4 (P < 0.05) at T885, as compared to T0, but this difference was only observed in the presence of the VSA stimulus.