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“The North American prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) reached 10.2% in 2010, and is estimated to reach 12.1% by 2030. This is an increase of 42.4% in the number of adults who will have diabetes [1]. There

is a growing ethnic disparity in the prevalence of diabetes and its related complications. In the United States, the 2004/06 national survey data indicated that the prevalence of diabetes was greater in non-Hispanic Blacks (11.8%) and Hispanics (10.4%) compared to non-Hispanic whites (6.6%) [2]. In Ontario, the most populated province in Canada, the Black population has higher

rates of diabetes (11.6%) than the White population (7.3%) [3]. Furthermore, recent immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean (9.8%) have the second highest prevalence rates of diabetes compared with long-term residents and recent Western Europe and North America immigrants (5.2%) in Ontario [4]. Overall, North America has a growing ethnic population at an elevated risk of developing diabetes. In addition to high prevalence rates, persons of Hispanic/Latin and African/Caribbean backgrounds in North America are at higher risk for poor glycemic control and http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-737.html diabetes-related complications. Non-Hispanic Blacks with diabetes have poorer glycemic control, higher blood pressure, and a higher risk

of diabetes complications compared with non-Hispanic Whites and Mexican Americans [5]. For instance, Latin Americans and African Americans tend to have substantially higher mean glycosolated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels than Caucasians [6], and accordingly are at a higher risk of complications such as coronary heart disease [6], retinopathy [7], end-stage renal disease [7] and [8] and death [6] and [8]. Although certain ethnic minorities are vulnerable to developing diabetes and related complications, the risks appear to be higher in women than men. African/Caribbean and Hispanic/Latin American immigrant women in Ontario have higher rates of diabetes Immune system compared with men from the same country [4]. Research shows that women living with diabetes may be at higher risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) [9] and [10] than men, and that mortality from both coronary heart disease [11] and [12] and stroke [13] is greater in women than men with diabetes. The prevalence of mental illness such as depression and anxiety disorders is also greater in women compared to men living with diabetes [14] and [15]. The impact of these disorders adversely affects self-care behaviours, glycemic control, quality of life, and diabetes complications [14], [15], [16] and [17]. The greater risk of complications in women compared to men may be due to differences in how women experience and manage their diabetes.