We found that GATA-3 interacts with MTA-2. GATA-3 and MTA-2 bound to several regions of the Th2 cytokine locus mutually exclusively in Th1 and Th2 cells, and they antagonized the regulation of the il4 gene. However, this antagonism did not occur in the regulation of ifng gene expression. Instead, both GATA-3 and MTA-2 bound to the ifng promoter preferentially in Th2 cells. Surprisingly, within one and the same Th2 cell, GATA-3

and MTA-2 associated in the ifng locus, but not in the Th2 cytokine locus. The reason for this discrepancy is not clear and may be a consequence of a contribution Z-VAD-FMK concentration of other differentially recruited proteins, the identity of which is currently not clear. MTA-2 knockout (KO) mice have been shown to undergo abnormal T-cell activation and proliferation, and to develop lupus-like autoimmune disease.22 The Th2 polarized cells from MTA-2 KO mice have been shown to produce increased amounts of both IL-4 and IFN-γ compared with those from wild-type mouse, but Th1 polarized cells from MTA-2 KO mice have been shown to produce comparable amounts of find more these cytokines. This result

suggests that MTA-2 have inhibitory effects on the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ in Th2 cells. This is consistent with our findings that MTA-2 inhibits the expression of both il4 and ifng genes, and that GATA-3 and MTA-2 antagonize the regulation of Th2 cytokine genes. GATA-3 has been shown to interact with several transcription factors, including repressor of GATA (ROG), friend of GATA (FOG), MAD homologue

3 (Smad), spleen focus forming virus proviral integration oncogene spi1 (PU.1), T-box protein expression T cells (T-bet), Selleckchem Hydroxychloroquine lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF-1), and Pias1. The over-expression of ROG suppresses GATA-3-dependent transactivation and Th2 cell differentiation.26 Forced expression of FOG-1 significantly repressed the transcriptional activity of GATA-3, the production of Th2 cytokines, and the differentiation of Th2 cells in vitro.27 PU.1 suppresses Th2 cytokine production from the Th2 cells through the inhibition of GATA-3 binding to the HSVa enhancer.28 T-bet mediates the inhibitory effect on il5 promoter activity by interacting with GATA-3.29 High-mobility group (HMG) box type transcription factor, lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF-1) has been shown to interact with GATA-3 and suppress the function of GATA-3.30 Transcriptional co-regulator Pias1 has also been found to interact with GATA-3, and increase its transcriptional activity.31 In this study, we identified MTA-2 as a new partner of GATA-3, a transcriptional co-factor which is involved in chromatin remodelling. Hence, this study may provide a clue to search for a possible mechanism of GATA-3-mediated transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodelling.