Although there is evidence for involvement of common mechanisms in the neuroplastic changes induced by NBS and motor learning, the results of this study suggest (1) the mechanisms mediating TBS-, PAS-, and MT-induced plasticity may only partially overlap, and (2) additional factors, including large intra and inter-subject
response variability, may make the demonstration selleck chemical of associations between neuroplastic responses to the various protocols difficult. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background. Neuroimaging studies suggest that the prefrontal coltex (PFC) is involved in the pathophysiology of major depression Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as an antidepressant intervention has increasingly been investigated in the last two decades In this study metabolic changes within PFC of severely depressed patients before and after rTMS were evaluated by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS)
Method Thirty-four young depressed patients with
treatment-resistant unipolar depression were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized study active ((n = 19) vs sham(n = Flavopiridol manufacturer 15)). and the PFC was investigated before and after high-frequency (15 Hz) rTMS using 3-tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy Response was defined as a 50% reduction of the Hamilton depression rating scale. The results were compared with 28 age- and gender-matched healthy controls.
Results In depressive patients a significant reduction in myo-inositol (m-Ino) was observed pre-rTMS (p<0.001) After successful treatment, m-Ino increased significantly in left PFC and the levels no longer differed from those of age-matched controls In addition to a positive correlation between clinical improvement and an increment in m-Ino ratio, a correlation between clinical improvement
PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 and early age onset was observed
Conclusions. Our results support the notion that major depressive disorder is accompanied by state-dependent metabolic alterations, especially in myo-inositol metabolism, which can be partly reversed by successful rTMS. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.”
“The spinal cord dorsal horn is an important action site for morphine analgesia. Wide-dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the dorsal horn are essential to spinal pain transmission and show increased excitability after repetitive noxious drive (windup). In light of differences in mu-opioid receptor distribution and neurophysiological properties of WDR neurons between deep and superficial dorsal horn, we recorded extracellular single-unit activity of WDR neurons from deep (350-700 mu m) and superficial (<350 mu m) dorsal horn in C57BL/6 mice and compared their responses to spinal superfusion of morphine (0.5 mM, 30 mu l) and naloxone (1 mM, 30 mu l). The windup level to repetitive electrical stimulation of 1.0 Hz (16 pulses, suprathreshold for C-fiber activation, 2.