Among the characteristics of bereaved family members, older age, female gender, and having a religion were associated with some domains of perceived rewards, but being a spouse of a patient was negatively associated with some domains of perceived rewards. Caregiver depression or perceived burden did not affect positive consequences of caregiving. However, receiving bereavement care was significantly associated with positive outcome in all four perceived reward domains (sense of mastery [adjusted odds ratio aOR = 1.69; 95% CI, 1.05-2.70]; appreciation for others [aOR = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.27-3.76]; meaning in life [aOR = 1.80; 95% CI, 1.13-2.89]; and reprioritization about MEK162 chemical structure his/her life [aOR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.27-3.19]).

Conclusions:

Family caregivers of terminal cancer patients experience burdens, but caregiving also has positive consequences. This study has important implications for the development of bereavement interventions that aim to encourage positive outcomes and reduce negative outcomes for caregivers. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Purpose: The Chironomid midges are known to thrive well under adverse environmental conditions and are even found inhabiting in areas contaminated by radioactive wastes. Studies were therefore undertaken to find out the radiosensitivity of different developmental

stages of the Indian LDN-193189 tropical midge, Chironomus ramosus. Materials and methods: In order to determine the threshold levels of lethality, eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of C. ramosus were exposed to varying dosages of gamma radiation (60Co radiation source) ranging from 0-3500 Gray (Gy) at dose-rate of 5.5Gy/minute. The post-irradiation studies were conducted at three different time points: click here (a) Immediately after the end of irradiation, (b) 24 hours (h), and (c) 48h after the end of radiation treatments. Determination

of the lethal dose required to kill 50% (LD50), 90% (LD90) and 100% population was carried out using the log-probit analysis. Results: Different developmental stages showed variable threshold levels of radiosensitivity. The radiation doses required to cause 100% mortality immediately after radiation exposure of egg, larva, pupa and adult stages were 1000Gy, 3000Gy, 3200Gy and 3500Gy, respectively, indicating eggs as the most sensitive stage. Detailed analysis of the LD50 values of different post-irradiation time points indicated that pupal stages were also sensitive at 48h post-irradiation amongst all the post-embryonic stages as described in many other insects. Interestingly detailed analysis of data indicated that amongst the adult population, females were the most radioresistant, compared to the males as reported in many other insect groups in the literature. Conclusions: The Indian tropical midge C. ramosus was found to tolerate higher dose of gamma radiation as compared to other known dipteran insects. It is evident from the present findings that C.