\n\nThe in vitro permeation model developed in this study predicts the fraction absorbed of the selected drugs in humans within experimental uncertainty. It has been demonstrated that the correlation with the fraction absorbed is greatly

improved using the permeability data obtained under controlled hydrodynamics with paracellular transport included in the model. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Physiological ecologists have long sought to understand the plasticity of organisms in environments that vary widely among years, seasons and even hours. This is now even more important because human-induced climate change is predicted to affect both the mean and variability of the thermal environment. Although environmental change occurs ubiquitously,

relatively few researchers have studied the effects of fluctuating environments on the performance of developing organisms. Even fewer have tried to MCC950 concentration validate a framework for predicting performance in fluctuating Selleckchem Epacadostat environments. Here, we determined whether reaction norms based on performance at constant temperatures (18, 22, 26, 30 and 34 degrees C) could be used to predict embryonic and larval performance of anurans at fluctuating temperatures (18-28 degrees C and 18-34C). Based on existing theory, we generated hypotheses about the effects of stress and acclimation on the predictability of performance in variable environments. Our empirical models poorly predicted the performance of striped marsh frogs (Limnodynastes peronii) at fluctuating temperatures, suggesting that extrapolation from studies conducted under artificial thermal conditions would lead to erroneous conclusions. During the majority of ontogenetic stages, growth and development in variable environments proceeded more rapidly than expected, suggesting

that acute PI3K inhibitor exposures to extreme temperatures enable greater performance than do chronic exposures. Consistent with theory, we predicted performance more accurately for the less variable thermal environment. Our results underscore the need to measure physiological performance under naturalistic thermal conditions when testing hypotheses about thermal plasticity or when parameterizing models of life-history evolution.”
“Chlorophenols (CPs) have been suspected to disrupt the endocrine system and thus affect human and wildlife reproduction but less is known about the underlying mechanism. In this study, we investigated the effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2.4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) on human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line (H295R). The H295R cells were exposed to environmentally relevant concentration (0.0, 0.4, 1.1,3.4 mu M) of PCP and TCP for 48 h, and expression of specific genes involved in steroidogenesis, including cytochrome P450 (CYP11A,CYP17,CYP19),3 beta HSD2,17 beta HSD4 and StAR was quantitatively measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The selected gene expressions were significantly down-regulated compared with those in the control group.