13 Travax travel medicine software (Shoreland, Inc., Milwaukee, WI, USA) recommends that “travelers to countries with high risk (ie, >100 cases per 100,000) should have pre-departure testing if staying for >1 month; travelers to countries with moderate risk (approximately 25–100 cases per 100,000) should have C646 price pre-departure testing if they plan
on staying for >3 months.”14 Previously, Canadian public health guidelines suggested that travelers going to high-risk countries for 3 months or more should be tested.15 Current Canadian public health guidelines now recommend a single, post-travel test based on duration of travel as well as TB incidence in the country visited.16 Finally, some recommend foregoing testing altogether, since infection is rare and false positive skin tests common in low-prevalence populations.5 There is even more variability in screening policies among military than among civilian groups. Many militaries, including those of Germany and Canada as well as the US Army,17 have regularly tested their service members before and after overseas deployments to detect possible LTBI acquired during travel, although the US Army has recently revised this policy.18 Although exposures are heterogeneous, military members
may engage in activities which create a higher risk for TB infection, such as humanitarian assistance and health care operations serving local, high-risk populations.19–21 Other militaries, such as those of the British and Dutch, perform no TB testing. The US Navy tests operational units yearly and all others every 3 years,22 whereas the US Air SAHA HDAC Force began targeted post-deployment testing of
deployed airmen in 2005 based on a risk factor questionnaire.23 These inconsistent policies are in large part due to the uncertainty regarding risk for LTBI among long-term travelers. The purpose of this study was to estimate the risk for LTBI, as measured by TST conversion, in long-term military and civilian travelers from low- to high-risk countries. Making the best estimate of incident LTBI in these Astemizole populations will provide data to guide and support policy recommendations. A systematic literature review was performed with the assistance of a research librarian at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) to acquire all available data published on TB infection risk in travelers and deployed military personnel. The three databases of PubMed Medline, Current Contents Connect, and EMBASE were searched for publications between January 1, 1990, and June 1, 2008, inclusive, using the following search criteria: Medline—“Tuberculosis”[Majr] And “Travel”[Majr], EMBASE—‘tuberculosis’/mj and ‘travel’/mj and [english]/lim and [humans]/lim and [embase]/lim, Current Contents Connect—(tuberculosis OR TB) and travel*. In addition, we reviewed bibliography reference lists and abstracts for papers not captured by the electronic database searches.