2000; Alves et al. 2004; Slippers et al. 2004b; Phillips et al. 2005, 2008; Crous et al. 2006; Schoch et al. 2006; Phillips and Alves 2009). The asexual

morphs of Botryosphaeriaceae have been assigned to several coelomycete genera, including Aplosporella, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Fusicoccum, Lasiodiplodia, Macrophomina, Microdiplodia, Neofusicoccum, Neoscytalidium, Pseudofusicoccum LY294002 and Sphaeropsis (Crous and Palm 1999; Denman et al. 2000; Crous et al. 2004, 2006; Pavlic et al. 2004, 2008, 2009a, b; Phillips and Pennycook 2004; Slippers et al. 2004a; Phillips et al. 2005; Alves et al. 2006, 2008; Damm et al. 2007b; Lazzizera et al. 2008b) Denman et al. (2000) recognized only two of these, namely Diplodia and Fusicoccum. Recent studies on the taxonomy of Botryosphaeria have employed molecular methods to reveal phylogenetic relationships among species (Jacobs and Rehner 1998) and to resolve species complexes (Smith et al. 2001; Phillips et al. 2002; Denman et al. 2003; selleck products Alves et al. 2004; Slippers et al. 2004c; Phillips et al. 2005). Two major clades corresponding to species with Diplodia and Fusicoccum asexual morphs were revealed based on the phylogenies resulting from ITS

sequence analyses (Jacobs and Rehner 1998; Denman et al. 2000). Later studies including additional species and a larger suite of DNA-based markers supported this grouping (Zhou and Stanosz 2001; Alves et al. 2004; Slippers et al. 2004d). When Crous et al. (2004) described the species Saccharata proteae Denman & Crous (as Botryosphaeria proteae (Wakef.) Denman & Crous with Fusicoccum and Diplodia synanamorphs), this well supported grouping

was questioned, as it is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from representatives of the Diplodia-like and Fusicoccum-like groups. Lasiodiplodia Ellis & Everh. has been treated as a distinct genus from Diplodia Fr. by many authors due to its distinct phylogeny (usually ITS or EF-1α) and morphology (striated or smooth conidia and presence or absence of pseudoparaphyses). Pavlic et al. (2004) employed morphological and phylogenetic data to separate Lasiodiplodia from Diplodia. Later, Phillips et al. (2005) broadened the concept Ketotifen by including Dothiorella within Botryosphaeria. Dichomera Cooke has been linked to Botryosphaeria species with Fusicoccum anamorphs by Barber et al. (2005). In a phylogenetic study based on 28S rDNA sequence data, Crous et al. (2006) recognised ten lineages within Botryosphaeriaceae corresponding to different genera. Subsequently, Damm et al. (2007b) added a further genus, Aplosporella, while Phillips et al. (2008) recognised five additional genera. Asexual genera for Botryosphaeriaceae were listed in Hyde et al.