Asymptotic discrimination learning rates in the

non-drug condition were reduced by half, from similar to 11 trials/pair on the 24-h ITI task to similar to 5 trials/pair on the 4-min ITI task, and this faster learning was impaired by systemic injections of either haloperidol or scopolamine. The results suggest that in the version of concurrent discrimination learning used here, the short ITIs within a session recruit both visuo-rhinal BAY 63-2521 manufacturer and visuo-striatal circuits, and that the final performance level is driven by both cognitive memory and habit formation working in concert. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Severe liver disease in pregnancy is rare. Pregnancy-related liver disease is the most frequent cause of liver dysfunction in pregnancy and provides a real threat to fetal and maternal survival. A rapid diagnosis differentiating between liver disease related and unrelated to pregnancy is required in women who present with liver dysfunction during pregnancy. GW4064 Research has improved our understanding of

the pathogenesis of pregnancy-related liver disease, which has translated into improved maternal and fetal outcomes. Here, we provide an overview of liver diseases that occur in pregnancy, an update on the key mechanisms involved in their pathogenesis, and assessment of available treatment options.”
“Damage to structures in the

human medial temporal lobe causes severe memory impairment. Animal object recognition tests gained prominence from attempts to model ‘global’ human medial temporal lobe amnesia, such as that observed in patient HM. These tasks, such as delayed nonmatching-to-sample and spontaneous object recognition, for assessing object memory in non-human primates and rodents have proved invaluable as animal models of specific aspects of human declarative memory processes. This paper reviews research in non-human primates and rats using object recognition memory tasks to assess the neurobiological bases of amnesia. A survey of this research reveals several important implications for our understanding of the C646 nmr anatomical basis of memory and the medial temporal lobe amnesic syndrome. First, research with monkeys and rats reveals that the contributions of medial temporal lobe structures such as the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex to memory processes are dissociable, with particular structures contributing to specific tasks on the basis of the specific type of information that a structure is optimized to process. Second, the literature suggests that cognitive tasks requiring integration of different types of information, such as in the case of complex, multimodal declarative memory, will recruit structures of the medial temporal lobe in an interactive manner.