Briefly, prior to culture in the salt solution, B. suis was cultivated under shaking (160 rpm/min) to early-stationary phase in 50 ml of TS broth (OD600 of 1–1.2), and the bacterial pellet was washed twice in PBS before resuspension in 500 ml of the salt solution and incubation

under shaking and aeration. Three independent cultures were performed in parallel. The number of viable brucellae determined at 0, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days post-inoculation by serial dilutions and plating onto TS agar was comparable to the numbers shown in Figure 1. After six weeks, the bacteria were harvested by centrifugation and washed twice in ice-cold PBS. This preparation procedure eliminated soluble proteins and membrane fragment-bound proteins of dead bacteria.

Lysis of viable, starved bacteria and precipitation of total bacterial proteins was achieved using 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for 1 h on ice. The proteins were Carfilzomib washed twice with acetone and dried. Sample preparation All preparations of the bacterial samples from three independent experiments were carried Selleck GSK3235025 out at 4°C. The precipitated proteins were resuspended in sample buffer (30 mM Tris, 7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 4% (w/v) CHAPS, pH 8.5). After sonication on ice (10 × 1 s; 60 W) and centrifugation (12,000 × g; 5 min) the supernatant was used for CyDye-labeling. Protein concentrations were determined by a Bradford-like protein assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and adjusted to 5 μg/μl. The pH of each sample was adjusted to 8.5. CyDye-labeling CyDye-labeling was carried out according

to manufacturer’s instructions (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and the labeled samples were stored at −70°C until use. The protein Liothyronine Sodium samples of B. suis cultivated in the salt solution and of B. suis grown in rich TS medium were labeled with Cy3 and Cy5, respectively. Cross-labeling was performed in a single experiment. Equivalent amounts of pooled proteins obtained from both samples of B. suis were labeled with Cy2, creating the internal standard. Labeling of 1-2% of the available lysines in the protein samples using CyDye DIGE fluors does not significantly alter protein mobility in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis [43]. In addition, CyDye-labeling does not affect mass spectral analysis. Difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) – Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Equal volumes of 2D sample buffer (7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 1% DTT, 4% (w/v) CHAPS, 0.5% (v/v) Pharmalyte™ 3–10 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech)) were added to the labeled proteins. Both B. suis samples and the internal standard were pooled and separated in one gel. A total of 150 μg protein per sample were applied to IPG strips (pH 4–7 and pH 6–11; 18 cm) for IEF and subsequent SDS-PAGE by rehydrating the IPG strips overnight at room temperature in 120 μl of the pooled samples and 350 μl rehydration buffer (8 M urea, 1% DTT, 4% (w/v) CHAPS, 1% (v/v) Pharmalyte™ 3–10).