L.). H.O.-K. was supported PF-2341066 by a grant from the West Virginia Graduate Student Fellowships in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics program. C.C.C. and H.O.-K. contributed equally to this work. “
“Biosynthesis

in fungal cultures of 27 Fusarium graminearum isolates of three different chemotypes (3AcDON, 15AcDON and NIV) grown on yeast extract sucrose agar medium was examined in this study. Volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis performed by headspace solid phase microextraction GC-MS allowed for determination of various concentrations of six alcohols, 14 aldehydes and ketones, 10 benzene derivatives, one furane, five hydrocarbons and three terpenes. In general, the determined VOC profile in fungal cultures

was dominated by hexanal (up to 74%), followed by nonanal (18%) and 2-methylbutanal (18%). Principal component analysis and discriminant analysis based on VOCs allowed for unambiguous discrimination of all studied isolates into three different groups in accordance with their trichothecene production (chemotypes). Significant differences were revealed between the levels of aldehydes and ketones, benzene derivatives and hydrocarbons in fungal cultures of three F. graminearum chemotypes. “
“Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 has a functional type III secretory system (T3SS) involved in the nodulation process on Lotus tenuis and Lotus japonicus. Four selleck chemicals Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II putative M. loti T3SS effectors (Mlr6358, Mlr6331, Mlr6361, and Mlr6316) have been previously described, and it has been demonstrated that the N-terminal regions of Mlr6361 and Mlr6358 mediate the secretion via a T3SS. Here, we demonstrate the capacity of Mlr6316 and Mlr6331 N-terminal regions to direct the secretion of a translational fusion to a reporter peptide through T3SS. By using single,

double, and triple mutants, we demonstrated the positive and negative participation of some of these proteins in the determination of competitiveness on Lotus spp. Low competitiveness values correlated with low nodulation efficiency for a mutant deficient in three of the putative M. loti effectors. Our data suggest that the net effect of M. loti T3SS function on symbiotic process with Lotus results from a balance between positive and negative effects. Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are present in several pathogenic bacteria (Cornelis, 2002). These systems are multiprotein complexes through which effector proteins are delivered into the host cell where they can modulate various cellular functions (Galán, 2001; Cornelis, 2002; Alfano & Collmer, 2004). Various rhizobium species also have a T3SS through which several proteins are secreted (Viprey et al., 1998; Krause et al., 2002; Lorio et al., 2004; de Lyra et al., 2006).