Negative samples (n

= 95) were collected from healthy ani

Negative samples (n

= 95) were collected from healthy animals. The diagnostic sensitivity this website of the LFI for FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia 1 was 88.3% compared to 89.7% obtained by the reference method of indirect-sandwich ELISA. The sensitivity of the LFI for FMDV type Asia 1 was higher at 92.1% compared to 90.5% for the ELISA. The specificity of the LFI was 97.1% compared with 97.4%. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Previously, it was shown that ethanol-dependent animals display increased sensitivity to the general opioid receptor antagonist nalmefene compared to naltrexone. It was hypothesized that the dissociable effects of the two antagonists were attributable to a kappa-opioid receptor mechanism. Nucleus accumbens dynorphin is upregulated following chronic ethanol exposure and such neuroadaptations could contribute to nalmefene’s increased potency in ethanol-dependent animals. To test this hypothesis, male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer ethanol using an operant conditioning procedure. Animals were then implanted with bilateral intra-accumbens shell guide cannulae and assigned to either a chronic intermittent ethanol vapor-exposure MLN0128 purchase condition (to induce dependence) or an air-exposed control group. Following a one-month exposure period,

nalmefene, nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI; selective for kappa-opioid receptors) or a combination of the selective opioid receptor antagonists CTOP and naltrindole (selective for the mu- and delta-opioid receptors, respectively) were site-specifically infused into the nucleus accumbens shell prior to ethanol self-administration sessions during acute withdrawal. Nalmefene and CTOP/naltrindole

dose-dependently reduced ethanol self-administration in nondependent and dependent animals, whereas nor-BNI selectively attenuated ethanol self-administration in ethanol-dependent Batimastat animals without affecting the self-administration of nondependent animals. Further analysis indentified that intra-accumbens shell nalmefene was more potent in ethanol-dependent animals and that the increased potency was attributable to a kappa-opioid receptor mechanism. These data support the concept that dysregulation of DYN/kappa-opioid receptor systems contributes to the excessive self-administration observed in dependent animals and suggest that pharmacotherapeutics for ethanol dependence that target kappa-opioid receptors, in addition to mu- and delta-opioid receptors, are preferable to those that target mu- and delta-opioid receptor mechanisms alone. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is a severe progressive disease causing multiple different clinical syndromes in mink. In Denmark, the disease is notifiable and under official control.

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