The persistence in the late Holocene corresponds with a Sepantronium solubility dmso subsequent increase of typical temperate rain forest species such as cedar (Cupressaceae), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and spruce (Picea). The x axis shows radiocarbon years before present (with 95 % confidence limits), depth (m), and calibrated years before present The low abundance of Garry oak on Vancouver Island during the

early Holocene despite higher summer temperatures may be due to cooler winter temperatures. Greater seasonality may have been an important feature of early Holocene climate (Kutzbach et al. 1998; Walker and Pellatt 2003). Pellatt et al. (2001) also note that Garry oak persists into the late Holocene, when summer temperatures are thought to have cooled significantly from early Holocene maximums. Pellatt et al. (2001) speculate that aboriginal burning practices may have played an important role in maintaining the oak savannah on southernmost Vancouver Island over the last 3800 years, despite less favorable climatic conditions (Walker and Pellatt 2003). This interpretation is supported by the increasing frequency of radiocarbon dated materials from archaeological sites

within the range of Garry oak in British Columbia beginning about 3400 years ago and again after 2000 years ago (McCune et al. 2013). Recent past—the Anthropocene (~last 250 years) Of particular interest in understanding Garry oak ecosystems in southern British Columbia is the frequency of fire on Vancouver Island and the southern Gulf islands (McCoy VX-770 purchase 2006; Pellatt et al. 2007). McCoy (2006) examined pollen and charcoal for three sites in the region to determine the vegetation and fire history for the region during the Anthopocene Bay 11-7085 (Crutzen and Stoermer 2000). The charcoal analyses provide evidence of fire history synchrony among the three sites, and also within the broader region of the Pacific Northwest. Figure 3 presents a comparison of the data derived from charcoal analysis from lake sediments to determine the fire history of 3 study sites (Roe Lake, Pender Island, BC;

PX-478 nmr Quamichan and Florence lakes, Vancouver Island BC) (Fig. 1b) for the period from 1745 to present. The figure shows fire events we interpreted as roughly coeval (within ~10 years). Table 1 shows approximate years of fire events at Quamichan, Florence, and Roe lakes, and differences in years of fire events that are interpreted as coeval among sites. These results also show a degree of synchrony with fire events at sites elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest (Howe 1915, Eis 1962, Schmidt 1970, Daniels et al. 1995, Gavin et al. 2003, Weisberg 2003, Parminter 2004). Fig. 3 Comparison of pollen zones and re-sampled charcoal accumulation rate (rsCHAR) fire history for Roe Lake and Quamichan Lake, and upper (1745–2003) fire history for Florence Lake.