This dual role was also seen in our results on HPC expansion: when used

alone, IL-32 led to twice the number of HPCs, whereas in combination with SCF, IL-32 significantly reduced cell expansion induced by SCF. Apart from its in vitro effects, IL-32 also increased the number of HPCs in vivo in a model of chemotherapy-induced BM suppression, thereby alleviating BM regeneration. The fact that, as with IL-1β 50, one injection of IL-32 sufficed, speaks in favor of the activation of secondary mechanisms. Interestingly, a rodent form of IL-32 has not yet been identified 44; the human homolog can, however, activate murine macrophages to secrete TNF-α 46. TNF-α has a detrimental effect on HPC renewal 51. Therefore, other bystander effects, in combination with the expansion potential of IL-32, are most likely responsible for a sustained stem cell renewal in click here a well-established mouse model 24. In conclusion, the combination of unbiased microarray analyses of IL-1β-stimulated ECs with a hypothesis-driven filtering by gene annotation allowed the targeted identification of cytokines with previously unknown hematopoietic growth factor

potential. The most outstanding discovery was that IL-32 induced the expansion of functional HPCs in vitro and in vivo, thus attenuating chemotherapy-related BM cytotoxicity; on the other hand, IL-32 reduced an SCF-dependent cell expansion. Future in vitro and in vivo studies will help to further define the role of IL-32 within hematopoiesis. Cord blood specimens www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBW2992.html were collected from full-term deliveries,

after informed consent was obtained from the mothers, and HPCs were immunomagnetically isolated as previously described 52. This study was approved by the ethical review board of the Charité. Human umbilical cord ECs were harvested and cultured as described previously 3. Confluent ECs of passages two to four were stimulated with IL-1β for 4, 8 and 16 h, and cells were harvested by collagenase (0.1% in PBS). CD34+ HPCs were used post isolation. Cell pellets were dissolved in RNA lysis buffer (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) supplemented Selleck Gefitinib with β-mercaptoethanol (10 μg/mL) and stored at −80°C. Lysed cells were mixed with 0.2 mL of chloroform for 3 min at room temperature and then centrifuged at 11 500 rpm for 15 min at 4°C. The upper aqueous phase was collected in RNAse-free Eppendorf tubes and mixed with 0.5 mL isopropanol for 10 min. Supernatants were aspirated after recentrifugation, pellets were resuspended in 75% ethanol in DEPC-H20 air-dried and the RNA quantity was measured by spectrophotometry. Samples were run through an RNeasy column (Qiagen) and precipitated with ethanol. Total RNA was analyzed by Affymetrix 133 plus 2.0 arrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) as previously described 53. Signal intensities for probe sets were derived using Affymetrix’s Microarray Suite version 5.