We coincubated the APC and the ADC with poly

(I:C) and observed, as shown in Fig. 3D, a small increase in the cross-presentation of both epitopes (396 and 276) that correlated with increasing concentrations of poly (I:C). Thus, it is possible that the small reduction in cross-presentation of NP396 after the RNAase FK506 datasheet treatment (Fig. 3C, iv) could be due to reduced APC activation as a result of poorer TLR engagement. We could not detect any significant increases in cross-presentation of NP396 or GP276, when poly (I:C) was added to untreated ADC, probably because the system reached its maximum capacity (Fig. 3E). To investigate whether cross-presentation of LCMV antigens was processed differently by DC and Mø, we tested different inhibitors that target different components of the intracellular processing pathways. Employing the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin and the ER protein transport inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA), we were able to interfere with cross-presentation in a dose-independent manner (Fig. 4A), indicating the involvement of the cytosolic pathway. To assess the relative contribution of the proteasome-independent vacuolar processing pathway, we applied leupeptin

to inhibit serine and cysteine proteases (cathepsins B, L, and S), and pepstatin A click here to inhibit aspartic proteases (cathepsin D). Figure 4A shows limited interference with leupeptin that was more pronounced with DC2.4 than with BMA, whereas pepstatin A was ineffective with either cell types. These results would suggest that low/modest antigen processing (cathepsin D independent) took place in the endosomal/phagosomal compartments. To interfere with phagosomal acidification, we pretreated the APC with different doses of chloroquine and observed 50% inhibition at the highest dose Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) with DC2.4, whereas with BMA a complete inhibition was evident (Fig. 4A).

Another regulator of phagosomal acidification, NADPH oxidase (NOX2), which mediates the transfer of electrons across endocytic and plasma membranes, was required by the APC. This was observed because cross-presentation of NP396 was reduced following treatment with diphenyleneiodonium chloride (NOX2 inhibitor) that increases phagosomal acidification. As controls, we employed peptide-labeled APC with high- (Fig. 4B) or low-peptide concentrations (Fig. 4C), with all the inhibitors tested and did not find any significant effects on antigen presentation when compared with untreated controls. To examine if the cross-presentation results we obtained translate in vivo, we investigated the cross-priming of LCMV-infected ADC. Generally, after LCMV infection of B6 mice, one can detect two immunodominant epitopes, GP33, and NP396, and two subdominant ones, GP276 and NP205. We confirmed these data with tetramer staining after introducing 200 pfu of LCMV i.v. (Fig. 5A) and testing 8 days p.i.