We examine current evidence providing insight into the potential of these important players as therapeutic targets for Parkinson’s disease.”
“Null hypotheses are simple, precise, and theoretically VE-822 important. Conventional statistical analysis cannot support them; Bayesian analysis can. The challenge in a Bayesian analysis is to formulate a suitably vague alternative, because the vaguer the alternative is (the more it spreads out the unit mass of prior probability),

the more the null is favored. A general solution is a sensitivity analysis: Compute the odds for or against the null as a function of the limit(s) on the vagueness of the alternative. If the odds on the null approach I from above as the hypothesized maximum size of the possible effect approaches 0, then the data favor the null over any vaguer alternative to it. The simple computations and the intuitive graphic representation of the analysis are illustrated by the analysis of diverse examples from the current literature. They

pose 3 common experimental questions: (a) Are 2 means the same? (b) Is performance at chance? (c) Are factors additive?”
“Temperature had a significant and positive effect on the foraging and growth of juvenile common carp JQ-EZ-05 molecular weight Cyprinus carpio (90-105 mm) between 16 and 28 degrees C. Metrics measured were feeding rate (items s(-1)), functional response (feeding rate as a function of food density), specific growth rate and incremental fork lengths. Experiments that were conducted at 16, 20, 24 and 28 degrees C and used two food types revealed a strong thermal influence on foraging, with the highest feeding rates achieved at 24 degrees C. Functional responses also revealed optimal feeding rates in relation to food density occurred at temperatures > 20 degrees C. Specific growth rate and incremental fork lengths were depressed at 16 and 28 degrees C when compared to those achieved

at 20 and 24 degrees C. These outputs suggest an increase in foraging and growth of C. carpio according to a thermal gradient that were maximal between 24 and 28 degrees C. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Estrogens are the primary female selleck kinase inhibitor sex hormones and play important roles in both reproductive and non-reproductive systems. Estrogens can be synthesized in nonreproductive tissues such as liver, heart, muscle, bone and brain, and tissue-specific estrogen synthesis is consistent with a diversity of estrogen actions. In this article we review tissue and cell-specific estrogen synthesis and estrogen receptor signaling in three parts: (i) synthesis and metabolism, (ii) the distribution of estrogen receptors and signaling, and (iii) estrogen functions and related disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson disease (PD).