In the 13th century the city of Venice had around 100,000 inhabit

In the 13th century the city of Venice had around 100,000 inhabitants. The data set consists of more than 850 acoustic survey lines for a total of about 1100 km (Fig. 1b). The acoustic survey was carried out with a 30 kHz Elac LAZ 72 single-beam echosounder with a DGPS positioning system mounted on a small boat with an average survey speed of 3–4 knots. The survey grid is composed of parallel lines mainly in the north-south direction with a spacing of 50 m and some profiles in the east–west direction. The sampling frequency was 50 Hz, with 500 samples (10 ms) recorded for each echo signal envelope and the pulse length of the SBE was 0.15 ms. The pulse

repetition rate was 1.5 pulses s−1. Data Adriamycin ic50 were collected between 2003 and 2009. During the acquisition, we changed the settings to obtain the best information over the buried structures visible in the acoustic profiles. We used the highest transmitting power together with suitable amplification of the signal in order to achieve the maximum penetration of the 30 kHz waves (5 cm wave length in the water) in the lagoon sediments. The gain value was set between 4 and 5 (scale from 1 to 10). These settings

provided a 6–7 m visibility of the sub-bottom layers. A more detailed description of the method used to acquire the profiles can be found in Madricardo SRT1720 in vitro et al., these 2007 and Madricardo et al., 2012. Numerous sediment cores were extracted in the central lagoon

(Fig. 1b) with an average recovery of about 8.5 m, permitting the definition of all the features identified in the acoustic profiles. Most of the cores crossed acoustic reflectors interpreted as palaeochannels and palaeosurfaces. Five cores were used in this study: SG24, SG25, SG26, SG27, SG28. The cores (core diameter 101 mm) were acquired using a rotation method with water circulation. Each core was split, photographed, and described for lithology, grain size (and degree of sorting), sedimentary structures, physical properties, Munsell color, presence of plant remains and palaeontological content. Moreover, we sampled the sediment cores for micropalaeontological and radiometric analyses. The quantitative study of foraminifera distribution patterns is very important for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. The organic content was composed of crushed mollusc shells mixed with abundant tests of benthic foraminifera. We classified at least 150 foraminiferal specimens from each sample according to the taxonomic results of Loeblich and Tappan (1987), in order to identify the biofacies corresponding to different environmental conditions. Percent abundance was used for statistical data processing. Through analyses of the sediment cores, we identified the diagnostic sedimentary facies that are described in detail in Madricardo et al. (2012).

HER2 expression was detected using 1:300 polyclonal antibody A048

HER2 expression was detected using 1:300 polyclonal antibody A0485 (DakoCytomation, Glostrup, Denmark) overnight at 4 °C. Positive and negative controls were run together with

the test sample. Using the 2007 ASCO/CAP criteria, HER2 expression was scored as follows: 0 = no staining; 1+ = weak, incomplete membrane staining in >10% of tumor cells; 2+ = weak to moderately complete membrane staining in >10% of tumor cells; 3+ = strong, complete membrane CH5424802 solubility dmso staining in >30% of tumor cells [24], [25] and [26]. In the 2013 ASCO/CAP scoring criteria, IHC 3+ = complete, intense staining of >10% of tumor cells; IHC 2+ = circumferential, incomplete and/or weak/moderate membrane staining in >10% of tumor cells or complete and circumferential intense selleck inhibitor membrane staining in ≤10% of tumor cells; IHC 1+ = faint/barely perceptible incomplete membrane staining in >10% of tumor cells; IHC 0 = no staining or incomplete and faint/barely perceptible membrane staining in ≤10% of tumor cells [24]. We used the 2007 guidelines to evaluate HER2 IHC. Two-color FISH was performed on 2-μm thick sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from all 175 cases. Before hybridization, sections were deparaffinized, dehydrated in 100% ethanol, and air-dried. Commercially available, locus-specific HER2 probe (190-kb SpectrumOrange directly

labeled fluorescent DNA probe) and CEP17 probe (5.4-kb Spectrum Green directly labeled fluorescent DNA) were used according to the manufacturer’s recommendations (Jinpujia, Beijing, China). We scored 30 nuclei per sample, and recorded the number of HER2 (red) and CEP17 (green) signals according to the 2007 ASCO/CAP criteria. Gene amplification was indicated when the HER2/CEP17 ratio > 2.2; amplification was equivocal when 1.8 ≤ HER2/CEP17 ratio ≤ 2.2, and negative when HER2/CEP17 ratio < 1.8 either [24], [25] and [26]. The 2013 ASCO/CAP criteria uses HER2/CEP17 ratio ≥ 2.0 (Fig. 1a and b) or HER2/CEP17 ratio < 2.0 but average HER2 copy number ≥ 6.0 signals/cell (Fig. 1c) to indicate the mean HER2 amplification for 20 cells. According to the 2013 guidelines,

HER2/CEP17 ratio < 2.0 and average HER2 copy number ≥ 4.0 and <6 signals/cell indicated equivocal amplification (Fig. 1e and f); HER2/CEP17 ratio < 2.0 and average HER2 copy number < 4 signals/cell indicated negative amplification (Fig. 1d) [24]. Polysomy 17 was defined as >1.86 CEP17 signals per nucleus [27], [28], [29], [30] and [31]. A nonparametric chi-square test was used for testing associations between variables and p values < 05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (v17.0; SPPS Inc., Chicago, IL). All 175 patients were women, the age range was 31–78 years (mean 53 years), and all patients had invasive breast carcinoma. More than half of the cases were IHC 2+ (95 cases, 54.3%). The remaining cases included 17 IHC 0 or IHC 1+ cases (9.7%), and 63 IHC 3+ cases (36.0%).

Of note all patients in this study who developed HCAP had a trach

Of note all patients in this study who developed HCAP had a tracheostomy, whereas in the other studies the patients were intubated via the oral route.14, 15 and 16 Reflux of gastric contents into the oropharynx and subsequent aspiration into the lung may be a less important route by which pneumonia develops on patients with a tracheostomy and exogenous infection via the tracheostomy may be more important than endogenous infection from the oropharynx.19 Of note, patients in this setting had a surgical tracheostomy rather than the percutaneous (PERC) tracheostomies

more commonly used in ICUs in developed countries. The 30° angle may be insufficient to prevent the reflux of gastric contents into the oropharynx and subsequent aspiration into the lung. In the study of Drakulovic15 the patients were semi-recumbent at 45° whereas in the study of van Nieuwenhoven16 it proved impossible to maintain the planned angle www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html 45°, an average treatment position of 28° was the result on day 1 and was down to 23° by day

7.15 and 16 In the current study we aimed for a 30° angle and this was checked twice daily. It was noted that patients tended to slip down the bed and that it was difficult to maintain the 30° elevation. A limitation of this study is that we did not formally document the adherence to the intended degree of elevation. It has also been suggested that maintaining a supine position in GSK-3 beta phosphorylation the control group as in the study of Drakulovic15 led to a higher than normal rate of HCAP than is the case if a smaller 10° angle is maintained as in the study of van Nieuwenhoven.16 The rate of HCAP in this study was 38–39/1000 ventilated days. This rate is high compared with developed country settings but within the range reported in mechanically ventilated patients in developing countries.20, 21 and 22 It was lower than we had expected based on previous ward experience. In the period

Carnitine dehydrogenase leading up to the study several changes were made in the ward infrastructure and nursing care to improve infection control. This may have contributed to the lower pneumonia frequency during the course of the study. The study size as a result, lacked adequate power to show the 50% reduction in pneumonia frequency that was the target. However, at the time of this analysis, there was no suggestion of a lower pneumonia frequency in the semi-recumbent patients. The development of pneumonia was independently associated with an older age and a longer duration of mechanical ventilation consistent with other studies of pneumonia in patients receiving mechanical ventilation.14 We used a blind non-directed bronchial lavage method with quantitative cultures to determine the organism causing pneumonia.12 This method was appropriate for the local situation and gave a range of organisms consistent with studies of VAP from other similar locations.

Schizotypal individuals have even demonstrated overactivation of

Schizotypal individuals have even demonstrated overactivation of the left hemisphere when processing linguistic information (Overby, 1992). Whilst this slight over-activation produces superior performance, greater activation can lead to a dysfunctional state and impaired performance. The disparity present in these findings may be attributed to the variety of stimuli utilized across the measures of lateralisation. Employing the divided visual www.selleckchem.com/products/Pazopanib-Hydrochloride.html field technique, which involves presentation of visual stimuli to either the left or right visual field,

Broks (1984) and Suzuki and Usher (2009) demonstrated reduced left hemisphere specialisation of language with consonant–vowel–consonant nonsense syllables. Operating within the same sensory modality, Rawlings and Claridge (1984) demonstrated a reversal of the expected left hemispheric dominance for language, in favour of superior right hemisphere performance. This result of a right hemisphere specialisation may be due to the utilisation of letters as stimuli, which can be recognised using two strategies. Specifically, the authors suggest that two personality types might rely on different processing mechanisms, with

the high schizotypy group possessing a visual processing skill (implicating the right hemisphere), compared to the low schizotypy group who utilize the typical linguistic strategy (implicating the left hemisphere). Despite these heterogeneous findings, it appears that commonalities exist between schizophrenia and the sub-clinical level of the schizotypal personality spectrum in the

way of lateralisation for language. CX-5461 research buy Sirolimus price These commonalities may be influenced by the number and severity of some of the symptoms experienced. Sommer and collaborators (2001), for example, found that patients suffering from schizophrenia who had less severe hallucinatory symptoms, displayed an increased language lateralisation that pointed towards the typical laterality pattern of control subjects. Therefore, it remains to be elucidated whether the laterality patterns of non-clinical schizotypy individuals are in line with those observed in a healthy population, or those observed in patients with schizophrenia. In an attempt to examine the contribution of both hemispheres to language processing within this population, Nunn and Peters (2001) employed a range of tasks that assess the linguistic abilities of both the left and right hemispheres. Findings revealed that right hemisphere dysfunction was the main predictor of high schizotypy within the non-clinical sample. Thus, it appears that in line with schizophrenia, dysfunctions of both hemispheres are present in schizotypy. Despite this right hemisphere deficit, lateralisation of emotion has seldom been studied within this population. The paucity of research in this domain becomes even more surprising in view of numerous reports of emotion recognition impairments in schizotypy (Aguirre et al., 2008 and Phillips et al., 2008).

However, while Kutas and colleagues observed an RT/P3 dissociatio

However, while Kutas and colleagues observed an RT/P3 dissociation when instructions emphasised speed over accuracy and a high RT/P3 correlation when accuracy was emphasised, other studies (Pfefferbaum, Ford, Johnson, Wenegrat, & Kopell, 1983) have reported exactly the opposite pattern (i.e. a low RT/P3 correlation under accuracy-emphasising

instructions). On the basis of a comprehensive review of the P3 literature Verleger (1997; see also Verleger, 1988 and Verleger, 2010) argues against the stimulus evaluation view of the P3 by demonstrating that P3 latency has proven sensitive to a wide range Talazoparib ic50 of factors that also affect reaction times. P3/RT alignment holds as long as RTs in the fastest condition are brief (i.e. not drawn out by e.g. incompatible stimulus–response mappings). Verleger thus suggests that the P3 implements a linking between stimulus-induced and response-oriented processes. Notably, in single-trial analyses PD-0332991 chemical structure of P3 data as visualised by ERPimages (Jung et al., 1999; see also Section 2.5 for a more detailed description of the ERPimage methodology) the P3 reliably shows up as RT-aligned

(e.g., Chennu et al., 2009, Johnson and Olshausen, 2005, Jung et al., 2001, Makeig et al., 2004, Makeig et al., 1999, Marathe et al., 2013, O’Connell et al., 2012 and Townsend et al., 2001). We are unaware of even a single study showing RT-sorted ERPimages where a late centro-parietal positivity was not found to be RT-aligned. We hypothesise that RT/P3 dissociations appear under two circumstances: either when selecting to respond is not immediately followed by a response because response selection and execution of responses is made difficult; or when the low signal-to-noise ratio of the EEG disallows a precise estimate of single-trial P3 latencies, for example, because wide RT variance leads

Tobramycin to large search windows or because low confidence leads to low amplitudes. In the language domain, researchers typically hope to avoid P3 “contamination” by asking subjects to delay response execution for some time after stimulus presentation. However, direct comparisons of immediate-response and delayed-response tasks demonstrate that, if at all, the P3 is slightly attenuated, but not abolished by response delay (Grent-‘t-Jong et al., 2011, Praamstra et al., 1994 and Smith et al., 2013). Phrased differently, in immediate-response tasks, the P3 follows the stimulus and is aligned to the response. In delayed-response tasks, by contrast, subjects are presented with sequences which sometimes contain a certain element (such as a target item) and, after each sequence, are asked to indicate via manual responses if the sequence did or did not contain an element of this class. In these studies, a P3 also follows the element licensing the selection of the response (i.e. the target), not the element licensing its execution (i.e. the response prompt).

Hence, the time optimization obtained with EpHLA program will all

Hence, the time optimization obtained with EpHLA program will allow for strategies similar to the Acceptable Mismatch Program of Eurotransplant to be applied in other transplant programs. This will benefit the steadily growing numbers of highly sensitized patients (PRAs > 85%) enrolled in multiple transplant programs. Another advantage for using the EpHLA software is the elimination of human

errors. The results of this study demonstrate that infrequent disagreements between two methods occur due to errors in the manual application of the algorithm, especially for less-experienced users. Therefore, a computerized tool and a centralized database can significantly reduce the potential for errors, increase reproducibility of calculated values and histocompatibility choices, facilitate data management, and make data analysis less labor-intensive; thus, all these Palbociclib mouse benefits make EpHLA program more clinically applicable [16]. It is expected that HLAMatchmaker analysis automation will improve the ability to accurately determine AMMs. We believe that the selection of accurate AMMs will increase the number of acceptable donors to choose for highly sensitized

patients waiting for kidney transplants. Identification of matching donor/recipients pairs based on eplets-based analysis may be the best cost–benefit option for improving organ transplantation practice because the

use of EpHLA program Selleck ALK inhibitor is fast, easy and inexpensive. In summary, we have performed an experimental evaluation of the EpHLA software for automated use of the HLAMatchmaker algorithm. Our results demonstrate that the software is functional, reliable, and efficient, with very good usability. Hence, we propose that the EpHLA program can be incorporated into Y-27632 clinical trial the daily clinical routine of kidney and heart transplant programs to facilitate the decision-making process especially for highly sensitized patients. The EpHLA software is an efficient tool for the identification of acceptable mismatches for highly sensitized patients. This program is superior to the manual use of the HLAMatchmaker algorithm with respect to accuracy and speed of the analysis. The work was supported by the Immunogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory from UFPI. Thanks to CNPq for the scholarship granted to Herton Luiz Alves Sales Filho. The authors acknowledge João Batista de Oliveira Silva Jr. for corrections of the English version of the manuscript. “
“Sépsis é uma resposta inflamatória sistémica a uma infeção que pode levar à sépsis grave (disfunção aguda de órgão secundária a infeção documentada ou suspeitada) e ao choque séptico (sépsis grave associada a hipotensão não reversível com reanimação com fluidos)1.

This may represent different functional groups or different matur

This may represent different functional groups or different maturation/transportation stages, which needs to be further investigated. Exosomes are generated within the MVB, which represents a specialized compartment along the endocytic pathway [6]. Reversed budding of endosome membrane leads to the formation of exosomal vesicles within the MVB lumen and, subsequently, fusions of MVB with the

plasma membrane release exosomes into the extracellular space. Although currently there is no unique marker for MVB, a number of proteins are enriched on exosomes and have been conventionally used to highlight the intracellular localizations of MVB and exosomes [7, 8, 9 and 10]. These proteins include members Alisertib mouse from the tetraspanin family (e.g. Cd63 and Selleck MG 132 Cd81), the Rab family (e.g. Rab4 and Rab7), as well as components of the ESCRT complex (e.g. Tsg101 and Hrs). Furthermore, Evi and/or Wnt have been observed to colocalize with Cd81 and Tsg101 on intracellular vesicles [19•• and 36•], suggesting that the MVB might represent the

cellular location where Wnt proteins associate with exosomes before secretion. This is supported by the report that blocking MVB acidification and maturation inhibits exosomal Wnt secretion [36•]. Proteomic profiling of Evi exosomes have also identified a list of conventional markers of exosomes, which could be functionally important for exosomal loading of Evi/Wnt [37• and 39]. Interestingly, downregulation of a series of exosomal components, including Rab27 and Atazanavir Rab35, which have been shown to be important for exosome secretion in mammalian cells, did not affect Evi/Wg exosome production [37• and 39]. A genetic screen performed by Koles et al. showed that release of Evi exosomes depends on the functions of Rab11, Myo5 and Syx1A, which are interacting molecules

essential for intracellular movement of vesicles/cargos [ 39]. In addition, Beckett et al. also reported that knockdown of Rab11 resulted in reduced presence of Evi and Wg in exosomes [ 37•]. However, knockdown of Syx1A had little effect in the latter study, and this discrepancy could be due to differences in experimental systems and functional readouts. Furthermore, Gross et al. reported that knockdown of YKT6, an R-SNARE protein, also inhibited the secretion of Evi/Wnt exosomes [ 36•]. However, mechanistically it remains unclear whether YKT6 acts specifically on exosomal loading/release of Wnt or generally on the biogenesis of exosomes. Regardless, these studies collectively highlight the pivotal role of vesicular sorting and trafficking in Evi/Wnt exosomal secretion. Following Wnt secretion, it is functionally necessary to recycle Evi back to the Golgi through endosomes and the retromer complex [ 23 and 25]. Gross et al.

This procedure provides a useful and sensitive assay for real-tim

This procedure provides a useful and sensitive assay for real-time detection of oxidant production by phagocytes (Antonini et al., 1994). Particle stocks were thawed at room temperature, sonicated for 10 s and vortexed for 30 s. Particle stocks were diluted in complete M199 containing 5% FBS. Total and insoluble particulate fractions were diluted to 2 mg/ml, whereas EHC-93sol was diluted to 500 μg/ml, in complete M199 cell culture medium. Particle suspensions (50 μl each 5-FU mw at 20, 50 and 100 μg) were added to the cell culture wells containing macrophages. The EHC-93sol was added at 5, 12.5, 25 μg/well to approach to the 20, 50, 100 μg/well mass equivalence of EHC-93tot

and EHC-93insol. The final volume in all wells was 150 μL (5% FBS, 200 μM luminol). Immediately after addition of Trametinib the particles, the plates were placed in a Dynatech ML-2350 Luminometer (Dynatech Laboratories, Chantily, VA, USA) at 37 °C and the luminescence was read every 5 min for a total of 2 h ( Fig. 1). All experiments were conducted as three to five independent replicates, on separate days and each time using freshly isolated rat macrophages. The cells from two to three rats were combined into a common and uniform pool of cells to supply all assays within each experiment. One to three technical replicate assays were conducted for each experimental condition within experiments. Following exposure to the particles for 2 h and the initial particle-induced

respiratory burst, we have assessed the responses of the cells to the Glutathione peroxidase respiratory burst stimulants PMA, Zymosan and LPS/IFN-γ (Fig. 1). Respiratory burst stimulant stocks were thawed at room temperature. Working stocks were prepared daily for PMA (4 μM), Zymosan (200 μg/ml), LPS (20 μg/ml) and IFN-γ (4000 IU/ml) in serum-free M199. Immediately after addition of the respiratory burst stimulants (50 μL per cell culture well), the plates were placed in

the luminometer at 37 °C. The final volume in all wells was 200 μL (3.75% FBS, 150 μM luminol). For PMA (final concentration, 1 μM), the luminescence was read every 2 s for 40 min. For Zymosan (final concentration, 50 μg/ml) and LPS/IFN-γ (final concentration, LPS 5 μg/ml, IFN-γ 1,000 IU/ml), the luminescence was read every 5 min for 5 h. In an initial experiment, freshly isolated alveolar macrophages were exposed to PMA, Zymosan or LPS/IFN-γ to assess the kinetics of the respiratory burst response and to determine the duration for which the respiratory burst response needed to be monitored during subsequent particle exposure experiments. Distinct respiratory burst response kinetics were observed upon stimulation, with Zymosan producing the highest baseline levels of respiratory burst as measured by luminescence, ∼20-fold higher (12,000 L.U.) than PMA (550 L.U.) or LPS/IFN-γ (610 L.U.) (Fig. 2). The viability of macrophages was determined in a separate set of culture plates after 2, 3, 7 and 24 h of exposure.

009, p=0 926) As for its latency, we found no significant main e

009, p=0.926). As for its latency, we found no significant main effects of the illuminance (F(1,20)=0.031, p=0.861) and color–temperature (F(1,20)=0.226, p=0.639). There was no significant interaction between these factors in regard to the P2 latency

(F(1,20)=0.377, p=0.546). The N2 amplitude was not significantly modulated by the illuminance (F(1,20)=0.927, p=0.347) and color–temperature (F(1,20)=0.119, p=0.734). There was no significant interaction between these factors in regard to the N2 amplitude (F(1,20)=2.532, p=0.127). As for its latency, we observed no significant main effects of the illuminance (F(1,20)=3.371, p=0.081) and color–temperature (F(1,20)=3.681, p=0.069). There was no significant interaction between selleck compound these factors in regard to the N2 see more latency (F(1,20)=0.534, p=0.473). Furthermore, we observed a tonic alpha activity around the parietal region, during the sustained attention (Fig. 2), and the mean value of prestimulus parietal EEG alpha power was significantly modulated by the illuminance (F(1,20)=16.300, p<0.005; bright: 3.974 μV2, dark: 4.748 μV2) and color–temperature factors (F(1,20)=4.727, p<0.05; warm:

4.583 μV2, cool: 4.139 μV2). These effects in power were still valid without adjustment for individual alpha frequency (IAF). These results imply that the higher condition may be more influential to yield significantly lower parietal new EEG alpha power than the color–temperature

condition. Although the parietal alpha activity was most reduced under the higher color–temperature and higher illumination condition ( Figs. 1L and 2), there was no significant interaction between the color–temperature and the illuminance (F(1,20)=2.610, p=0.122). We found that both ERP components and EEG alpha activity were significantly modulated, depending on the illumination condition during the sustained attention task. Since we observed the illuminance affecting the early ERP component N1, the degree of brightness seems to be an influential factor in the early information processing, as compared with the color–temperature. Although previous studies proposed a significant relation between attention and P1/N1 components (Luck et al., 1990), at least under the present sustained attention task, we observed the dissociative modulation between P1 and N1 by the illumination factor. In addition, the late ERP components such as P2 and N2 showed no significant changes in relation to the background lighting conditions. Since the early ERP components are more influenced by bottom–up sensory factors than are the later ERP components, which reflect rather top-down cognitive processing (Skrandies, 1984 and Zani and Proverbio, 1995), the illuminance appears to be much closer to a physical factor modulating our early visual processing.

Hypertension is the most common cause of vessel injury Hypertens

Hypertension is the most common cause of vessel injury. Hypertension or high blood pressure is a major risk factor in stroke. It has a stepping gradient in inducing vessel damage that lead to the vessels becoming stiff. In the process of hypertension-induced atherosclerosis,

blood vessels become smaller in size, rigid and lose compliance. Elevated blood pressure increases blood flow through the vessels. Androgen Receptor signaling pathway Antagonists This induces shear stress elevation that leads to an increase in endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) production from endothelial cells. This includes nitric oxide, prostaglandin E and prostacyclin. These vasomotor activators induce the superoxide production and reduce the vessels permeability. The endothelial cells in the process of injury will release increased amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines that will activate the leukocyte. This further induces

the elevation of vaso-active substances such as prostacycline and nitric oxide which eventually induce complete endothelial injury. The increase in intravascular pressure induces stress on the vessel wall in hypertension. This alters the vessel wall thickness through a process called vascular remodeling. Vascular remodeling as a response to high blood pressure leads to the reduction of the diameter of the blood vessel through hypertrophy (hypertrophic outer remodeling or hypertrophic inner remodeling) or through a eutrophic inner remodeling process. Change Saracatinib clinical trial in the common-carotid-artery intima–media thickness is believed to be an indicator of generalized atherosclerosis. It has also been adopted as an intermediate end point for determining cardiovascular morbidity and also as a surrogate end point to evaluate the success of lipid

lowering drug interventions [4] and [5]. High-resolution carotid ultrasonography has been used to obtain measurements of the thickness of the tunica intima and media of the carotid arteries. Studies in the western countries have shown not only cross-sectional correlations but also prospective correlations between common-carotid-artery intima–media thickness and the prevalence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease Adenosine [1], [2] and [3]. There are still few studies showing an association between increased carotid-artery intima–media thickness and stroke in Asia, especially in Indonesia. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that carotid-artery intima–media thickness is directly correlated with the incidence of stroke. The study subjects were patients in the Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia with age ranging from 31 to 75 years old. The patients were categorized into 2 groups, stroke and non stroke groups. There were 131 patients in the stroke group and 128 patients in the non-stroke group. The carotid arteries of all patients were evaluated using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography using a cross-sectional methodology.