For sample 1 h, the behavior turns on the opposite way; susceptibility has a slight decrement suggesting separation of V2O3 NPs from ZnO surface to form secondary phases and V2O5. Ferromagnetic components from typical DMO mechanisms for all samples are shown in Figure 5b. Samples 1 h and 1 h.Et

have the highest specific magnetizations σ?~?3.5?×?10−3 emu/gr, but as sample 1 h has the largest paramagnetic component, attributed to V2O3, we can assume Paclitaxel in vivo that not all V+5 or V+3 contribute to the ferromagnetic moment on the samples. Usually high doping concentration of magnetic ions forms antiferromagnetic complexes [21]; this is the reason that lower ion concentration produces the highest magnetic moment per doping ion. As V has a very low solubility limit on ZnO?~?0.2% [22], secondary phases are more easily formed

instead of promotion of V diffusion into the ZnO matrix. After TT magnetization decays to σ?~?0.7?×?10−3 emu/gr, which has been already explained with the formation of secondary phases and is also due to a reduction of structural defects on ZnO, NPs from sample 1 h increase their average size by coalescence to reduce their surface free energy and a reorganization of the surface is promoted by atom diffusion, reducing the sources of magnetism; at the same time, reaction between PLX4032 in vitro ZnO and V oxides produces secondary phases, reducing the number of ZnO/V interfaces. Raman spectra of ZnO-V2O5 NPs are shown in Figure 6; for samples 1 h.Et

and 1 h.Et.Cal, it is very clear that the set of peaks at 200 to 380 and 780 to 1,000 cm−1 belong to ZnV2O4 phase, and this result is consistent with previous XRD patterns of the same samples. Sample 1 h has two peaks (weak and broad) located near the regions were the ZnV2O4 phase was identified. Peaks from sample 1 h.Et does not match with any of the previous cases, as this sample is the only one that does not exhibit paramagnetic component; peaks must correspond to V2O5 NPs. All spectra are compared with a pure ZnO sample milled with ethanol and thermally treated. Figure 6 Rutecarpine Raman spectra of ZnO-V 2 O 5 nanoparticles with and without thermal treatment. Samples 1 h.Cal and 1 h.Et.Cal exhibit a strong paramagnetic component attributed to the formation of secondary phases containing V+3 ions. The peaks in the intervals 200 to 360 and 780 to 1,000 cm−1 are attributed to ZnV2O4 phase. The weak and broad peaks for sample 1 h centered at 420 and 900 cm−1 are attributed to amorphous material linked to V+3 ions. Dry milling produces a size reduction of V2O5 powders, but no phase change is involved. On sample 1 h, a small amount of V2O5 is used to produce magnetic moment; the rest is transformed to V2O3. We conclude that there exists a threshold concentration for which larger concentrations of magnetic ions do not help to increase the magnetic signal. No antiferromagnetic coupling is observed.

In particular, their use in synthesizing biologically and pharmaceutically important organosulfur compounds such as HIV protease inhibitors [1] (Viracept, Nelfinavir Mesylate, AG 1343), LFA-1/ICAM-1 antagonists [2], and arylthioindoles [3] (potent inhibitors of tubulin assembly) is still

Atezolizumab research buy not fully understood by synthetic chemists. In general, molecules containing one or more carbon-sulfur bonds can be used as molecular precursors for the synthesis of new materials [4]. However, compared to C-N and C-O bonds, the transition metal-catalyzed C(aryl)-S bond formation has not been well studied. This bond formation is thought to be partial because of the formation of an S-S coupled product and a concurrent deactivation of the metal catalyst due to the strong coordinative and adsorptive properties of sulfur, which can decrease catalytic activity [5]. General methods for C-S cross-coupling involve the condensation of aryl halides with thiols and, usually, require temperatures this website greater than 200°C. These

methods also require strongly basic, toxic, high-boiling, polar solvents, namely HMPA, quinolone, or N,N-dimethylacetamide. In order to circumvent these complications, a meticulous effort has been focused on the development of transition metal-catalyzed coupling of thiophenols with aryl halides. Previously, iron [6], nickel [7, 8], palladium [9, 10], cobalt [11], and copper-based [12–16] catalytic systems have Buspirone HCl been reported for this purpose. Even though significant improvements have been made, appropriate techniques are still needed for the synthesis of diaryl thioethers. To date, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have often been used as metal catalysts because of their physical and chemical stability. In addition, the advantage of nanoparticles including large surface area and heterogeneous nature make them applicable to a broad range of scientific fields and functions such as

the immobilization of biomolecules [17], catalysis of organic [18–23] and electrochemical reactions [17], use in electrochemical sensors and biosensors [17], enhancement of electron transfer [17], labeling of biomolecules [17], and synthesis of nanofluids [24], antibacterial materials [25], photocatalysts [25, 26], solar cells [27], and so on. Among the various available metal oxide nanoparticles, two copper oxides (Cu2O, CuO) have been studied for use in p-type semiconductor materials with narrow band gaps. This is because copper oxides are less expensive, recyclable, and non-toxic and have suitable optical and electronic properties [28–32]. Thus, as part of the effort to find new catalytic systems and better understand the role of transition metal nanoparticles in organic transformations, we report herein the use of CuO hollow nanoparticles as catalysts for efficient syntheses of diaryl thioethers.

To date, a limited number of constantly expressed surface proteins have been described in M. agalactiae. check details Among them, P30, P48, and P80 were described as antigens [19–21]; other proteins belong to the variable surface membrane proteins family (Vpma) [14, 17], and P40 was suggested to play an important role in attachment to the host cell [18]. Genetic approaches traditionally used for large scale investigation of protein sets have been poorly applied to

mycoplasmas. The expression of immunogenic Mycoplasma proteins in Escherichia coli expression libraries is hampered by the very high A+T content (almost 80%) and by the Mycoplasma-specific codon usage, resulting in abnormal internal transcription/translation Napabucasin in vitro and in premature termination, respectively [22, 23]. In 2007, the full genome sequence of the M. agalactiae type strain PG2 (PG2T) was published [24] and paved the way for systematic proteomic studies in mycoplasmas. The combination of 2-D PAGE and mass spectrometry (MS) is a well-established method for the systematic and comparative study of proteomes, since it allows the simultaneous visualization and identification of the protein complement of a cell. However, it is commonly reported that standard 2-D PAGE lacks in resolution of very hydrophobic and basic proteins,

which are particularly abundant in the Mycoplasma membrane [25–27]. Indeed, membrane proteins are poorly detected Dynein in 2-D PAGE maps of Mycoplasma total protein extracts [22, 28]. Triton X-114 fractionation may assist in solving this problem, since it was demonstrated to enable a selective enrichment in hydrophobic proteins [29, 30]. Triton X-114 fractionation followed by 2-D PAGE remains the method of choice for proteomic characterization of the membrane protein

subset [31], and for differential analysis of membrane protein expression among bacterial strains [32]. More specifically, the recently developed Differential In Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) [33–35], based on labeling of protein samples with fluorescent dyes before 2-D electrophoresis, enables the accurate analysis of differences in protein abundance between samples. However, considering the above mentioned intrinsic limitations of 2-D PAGE, other gel-based proteomic approaches, such as one-dimensional PAGE and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS) [36], can be combined with the 2-D PAGE/MS in order to mine deeper into a liposoluble proteome. In this study, the membrane proteome of M. agalactiae was characterized by means of Triton X-114 fractionation, 2-D PAGE-MS, GeLC-MS/MS, and Gene Ontology classification. Differential expression of membrane proteins among M. agalactiae strains was also evaluated by 2D DIGE. Results Extraction of bacterial proteins and isolation of liposoluble proteins This study was aimed to the systematic characterization of M. agalactiae PG2T membrane proteins by means of a gel-based proteomic approach.

Blood hematology values before and after 15 days of supplementation with either a placebo or 400 mg ATP/d.* (DOCX 40 KB) References 1. Kushmerick MJ, Conley KE: Energetics find more of muscle contraction: the whole is less than the sum of its parts. Biochem Soc Trans 2002, 30:227–231.PubMedCrossRef 2. Burnstock G, Knight GE, Greig AV: Purinergic signaling in healthy and diseased skin. J Invest Dermatol 2012, 132:526–546.PubMedCrossRef 3. Agteresch HJ, Dagnelie PC, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH: Adenosine triphosphate: established and potential clinical applications. Drugs 1999, 58:211–232.PubMedCrossRef

4. Sawynok J, Sweeney MI: The role of purines in nociception. Neuroscience 1989, 32:557–569.PubMedCrossRef 5. Yajima H, Sato J, Giron R, Nakamura R, Mizumura K: Inhibitory, facilitatory, and excitatory effects of ATP and purinergic receptor agonists on the activity of rat Dabrafenib manufacturer cutaneous nociceptors in vitro. Neurosci Res 2005, 51:405–416.PubMedCrossRef 6. Khakh BS, Henderson G: ATP receptor-mediated enhancement of fast excitatory neurotransmitter release in the brain. Mol Pharmacol 1998, 54:372–378.PubMed 7. Hochachka PW, Bianconcini MS, Parkhouse WS, Dobson GP: On the role of actomyosin ATPases in regulation of ATP turnover rates during intense exercise. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991, 88:5764–5768.PubMedCrossRef 8. Gorman MW, Feigl EO, Buffington CW: Human plasma ATP concentration. Clin Chem 2007, 53:318–325.PubMedCrossRef 9. Mortensen

SP, Thaning P, Nyberg M, Saltin B, Hellsten Y: Local release of ATP into the arterial inflow and venous drainage of human skeletal muscle: insight from ATP determination with the intravascular microdialysis technique. J Physiol 2011, 589:1847–1857.PubMedCrossRef 10. Yegutkin GG: Nucleotide- and nucleoside-converting ectoenzymes: Important modulators

of Glycogen branching enzyme purinergic signalling cascade. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008, 1783:673–694.PubMedCrossRef 11. Kichenin K, Seman M: Chronic oral administration of ATP modulates nucleoside transport and purine metabolism in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000, 294:126–133.PubMed 12. Heinonen I, Kemppainen J, Kaskinoro K, Peltonen JE, Sipila HT, Nuutila P, Knuuti J, Boushel R, Kalliokoski KK: Effects of adenosine, exercise, and moderate acute hypoxia on energy substrate utilization of human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012, 302:R385-R390.PubMedCrossRef 13. Ellis CG, Milkovich S, Goldman D: What is the efficiency of ATP signaling from erythrocytes to regulate distribution of O(2) supply within the microvasculature? Microcirculation 2012, 19:440–450.PubMedCrossRef 14. Radegran G, Calbet JA: Role of adenosine in exercise-induced human skeletal muscle vasodilatation. Acta Physiol Scand 2001, 171:177–185.PubMedCrossRef 15. Nyberg M, Mortensen SP, Thaning P, Saltin B, Hellsten Y: Interstitial and plasma adenosine stimulate nitric oxide and prostacyclin formation in human skeletal muscle. Hypertension 2010, 56:1102–1108.PubMedCrossRef 16.

The IN route requires delivering small drops of inoculum into one find more of the nostrils (total volume of 20 μL), and some of this inoculum could be swallowed rather than inhaled. Signal from the stomach never seemed to last

beyond the 6 hpi time point, suggesting that gastric infections with Y. pestis in these mice are cleared quickly. We also observed that the feces of half of the mice produced detectible signal, indicating that Y. pestis was being shed. This was only observed at very early time points (6 hpi), indicating that bacteria were fully shed from the gastrointestinal tract by 24 hpi. In humans, it has been shown that transmission can occur after ingestion of contaminated food [32]. While mice are coprophagous, it is not know whether a fecal-oral route could be a mechanism for Y. pestis to disperse or infect other individuals. Detecting signal from the tip of the nose also opens the question whether bacteria could be transmitted to other individuals with whom food and water are shared. We do not know whether signal from the Selumetinib order stomach or the tip of the nose would still

be present after an aerosol infection, a route that pneumonic plague is assumed to be transmitted in nature. All mice, independent of the presence of signal from the stomach or feces, showed the same progression of infection with comparable levels of signal from the thorax. More importantly, all animals showed signs of disease and mortality at very similar times. This observation suggests that the fraction of the inoculum that may go to the gastrointestinal tract has no effect on the overall pneumonic infection. The low number of mice used during BLI is one of its more important advantages. However, it can also be a disadvantage because of the variability in bacterial load for a specific organ from animal to animal and sudden death, both inherent aspects of plague infections. The differences in the levels of significance from time point to time point when comparing radiance values between the wild type and double mutant infected animals are due to this high variability of bacterial load and death. Despite these challenges,

we found that BLI is a suitable method for studying dissemination/colonization of Y. pestis in three separate models of plague, and that significant differences in radiance could be detected selleck compound between wild type and a mutant of modest attenuation using relatively few mice. Conclusions We used BLI to follow bacterial dissemination in mice after SC, ID and IN infections. The dissemination patterns we describe are fully consistent with dissemination and colonization data that has been reported for bubonic and pneumonic plague experiments that describe bacterial burden in specific organs after infection. In addition, we found lower levels of signal from a mutant with established defects in colonization and dissemination in comparison to a wild type strain, indicating that this will be a useful technique for mutational analysis.

The oscillatory black curve shows coherent quantum beating of exciton 1. Figure reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Engel et al. (2007); Copyright 2007 The above 2D experiments illustrate that key mechanistic information can be extracted from spectra measured using identical input pulses. Experimental strategies involving different polarizations

of the laser pulses may be used to probe an increased, or more specific, set of interactions. Such an approach Selleckchem MLN2238 is analogous to linear and circular dichroism methods in one-dimensional spectroscopy (see Garab and Van Amerongen, this issue), except with increased versatility as here four pulses can be independently controlled (Hochstrasser 2001; Zanni et al. 2001; Dreyer et al. 2003). The usefulness of rotating the pulse polarizations lies in the fact that in 2D spectra measured with parallel-polarized input pulses, diagonal peaks dominate the spectra (as evident in the T = 0

LH3 spectrum of Fig. 5), obscuring off-diagonal peaks that report on chromophore interactions. The first example of 2D electronic spectroscopy using polarization techniques to uncover weak signals was also in an application to the FMO complex (Read et al. 2007). Extending techniques applied in the infrared regime (Hochstrasser 2001; Zanni et al. 2001), the polarization sequence (60°, −60°, 0°, 0°) for pulses (1, 2, 3, LO) was used to completely eliminate the diagonal peaks from the spectrum of FMO from Pelodictyon phaeum (Fig. 7). Fig. 7 The cross peak specific 2D and conventional 2D electronic spectra for FMO from Pelodictyon phaeum. The cross-peak Grape seed extract specific spectrum reveals off-diagonal features Apoptosis antagonist obscured by the diagonal peaks in the conventional 2D spectrum. Both spectra are colored using a nonlinear ArcSinh coloration to emphasize smaller features, and the cross-peak specific coloration is inverted to facilitate direct visual comparison of the cross peaks to those in the conventional 2D spectrum. Diagonal peaks (DP i ) are shown with squares while cross peaks (CP ij ) are denoted with circles. The shape of the edge

of the cross peak regions agrees between the spectra, but significant additional structure is visible in the cross peak specific spectrum. Figure from Read et al. (2007); Copyright 2007, National Academy of Sciences, USA In addition to highlighting otherwise weak features, polarization techniques can be used to report on structures of photosynthetic complexes. The amplitude of a cross peak in a 2D spectrum, and the way that the amplitude changes with input pulse polarization, depends in part on the relative orientation between the coupled transition dipoles. In a measurement on the FMO complex from Prosthecochloris aestuarii using one set of pulse polarizations, a cross peak is only weakly visible in the spectrum at 400 fs (Fig. 8 (45°, −45°, 0°, 0°) spectrum), while under another polarization scheme (Fig. 8 (75°, −75°, 0°, 0°) spectrum) the cross peak appears strongly (Read et al. 2008).

The Japanese and Korean strains were not separated into two clusters. PeCan4 appeared diverged from the other four hspAmerind strains Lapatinib as expected from the result of the phylogenetic analysis based on the 7 genes described above. SJM180 appeared diverged from the other hpEurope strains in the well-defined core gene-based tree. Figure 1 Phylogenetic

tree of 20 H. pylori strains based on their well-defined core genes. Well-defined core OGs were used for neighbor-joining method (see Methods). Numbers indicate bootstrap values. Scale bar indicates substitutions per nucleic acid residue (change/nucleotide site). The assignment of population/subpopulation was based on a phylogenetic tree constructed from the concatenated alignment of fragments of seven genes used in the H. pylori MLST database (atpA, efp, mutY, ppa, trpC, ureI and yphC) [18]. Classification of population/subpopulation was as described [10, 19]. Phylogenetic profiling to identify gene

contents NSC 683864 datasheet of hspEAsia To thoroughly characterize the gene contents specific to the Japanese/Korean (hspEAsia) strains, we conducted phylogenetic profile analysis using the DomClust program [24]. This analysis determines the presence or absence of a domain, rather than a gene, and allows detection of split genes, partially deleted genes and partially duplicated genes (detailed in Methods). Their features will be explained in the

next five sections. Differences in outer membrane proteins and related proteins in the number of loci of gene families and in alleles at each locus One of the emerging selleck chemicals features of the East Asian (hspEAsia) strains is the change in the number of loci of some of the outer membrane protein (OMP) families. We detected five OMP genes (gene families; oipA, hopMN, sabAB, babABC and vacA-2) with the number of loci different between the hspEAsia and hpEurope strains (Table 2). In all but one gene family, the difference in the number of locus was the result of gene decay in the East Asian (hspEAsia) strains. Table 2 Characteristic gene contents of East Asian (hspEAsia) H.

To realize these potential gains requires participatory research that directly involves stakeholders from the beginning and addresses multiples challenges in the different stages of production, processing and marketing. Acknowledgments

The Amazon Initiative, INIA-Spain, EMBRAPA, USAID and CIRAD provided funding for this study. Furthermore MvZ thanks the CGIAR Research Program on Idasanutlin Forests, Trees and Agroforestry for financial support. We are grateful to CATIE and INIA-Peru for providing access to the peach palm materials from their genebank collections. We further thank Andreas Ebert, Carlos Astorga, William Solano, Sixto Imán, Manuel Sigueñas and Jesus Salcedo for their support with fruit collection and logistics. Lucia Chávez, Andres Giraldo and Andres Escobar conducted nutritional analyses, and Mauricio Quintero, David Quintero and Alexander Pereira provided valuable support in the development of the “bajachonta tool”. We are grateful to all the farmers from the Colombian Pacific coast who gave us insight into their peach palm production systems. Special thanks also to Xavier Scheldeman for Selleck LDK378 his valuable ideas and comments and to Nathan Russell for editing the manuscript. Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution

License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References click here Acevedo JC, Zuluaga JJ,

Martínez A (1996) El cultivo de chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.). Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Florencia Adin A, Weber JC, Sotelo Montes C, Vidaurre H, Vosman B, Smulders MJM (2004) Genetic differentiation and trade among populations of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) in the Peruvian Amazon: implications for genetic resource management. Theor Appl Genet 108:1564–1573PubMedCrossRef Almeyda N, Martin FW (1980) Cultivation of neglected tropical fruits with promise. Part 8. The pejibaye. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), New Orleans Al-Saqer JM, Sidhu JS, Al-Hooti SN, Al-Amiri HA, Al-Othman A, Al-Haji L, Ahmed N, Mansour IB, Minal J (2004) Developing functional foods using red palm olein. IV. Tocopherols and tocotrienols. Food Chem 85(4):579–583CrossRef Alves-Pereira A, Clement CR, Picanco-Rodrigues D (2012) Genetic divergence among populations and accessions of the spineless peach palm from Pampa Hermosa landrace used in the heart-of-palm agribusiness in Brazil. Genet Mol Biol 35:474–479PubMedCrossRef Alvim R, Virgens AC, Araujo AC (1992) La agricultura como ciencia para ganar dinero con la tierra: Recuperación y remuneración anticipadas del capital en el establecimiento de cultivos perennes arbóreos en Bahía, Brasil. In: Montagnini F (ed) Sistemas agroforestales: Principios y aplicaciones en los trópicos.

Colocalization of CD31 immunoreactivity (red, F) with vimentin (green, F’) is shown in F”. Immunofluorescence stainings were recorded by Confocal Laser Scanning microscopy. Bar = 20 μm. Double fluorescence of vimentin with GFAP assigns pericentral/midzonal activated selleck HSCs to the mesenchymal cell pool (Figure 5D), which is well separated from the faintly GFAP positive periportal cell pool (Figure 5E). There was no overlapping expression of M2-Pk with smooth muscle actin (not shown). Cell adhesion in CDE livers Both, loss of hepatocytes and the integration of stem cells in liver tissue require a rearrangement of cell-cell contacts in liver tissue. These contacts

are mainly established by adherens junctions that are formed by cadherins. Like other authors [4] we also found E-cadherin overexpressed in CDE livers (Figure 1 and additional File 1), but identified additionally P-cadherin and LI-cadherin elevated (additional File 1). Because LI-cadherin click here was the most up-regulated cadherin and is the embryonal mouse liver form it was expected that this cadherin is related to oval cells because of their stem cell character.

However, immunostaining of liver sections of CDE-treated mice shows clearly that this embryonal form is re-expressed by hepatocytes (additional File 1). Discussion The two well established consequences of CDE diet in mouse liver, enrichment of oval cells and up-regulation of M-Pk [2, 13–15], were re-evaluated in our study and must be interpreted from a new perspective. Our results advise to discuss these two phenomena on two independent levels. Firstly, an increase of M-Pk in liver of CDE treated mice reflects the sum of elevated M1- and M2-Pk. For the first time, the two forms in mouse liver extracts under CDE conditions were

differentially studied. The quantification of M-Pk with a PCR method not distinguishing between the two forms [6] can not be accepted to be a specific signal of oval cells, because our in vitro data clearly show that oval cells express only M2-Pk. This result is of special interest in time slot studies, because it was shown recently that a myofibroblastic expansion Decitabine precedes the oval cell proliferation in CDE diet [4]. Accordingly, at different time points of CDE diet the fraction of M1- and M2-type may vary considerably. Secondly, M2-Pk reflects the activation of both oval cells and sinusoidal cell types as revealed by our in situ results. Thus, our results verify for the mouse the earlier findings in rats that endothelial cells, biliary cells, Kupffer cells [7, 10] and HSCs [9] express M2-Pk. Furthermore, also infiltrating immune cells may contribute to M2-Pk expression demonstrated by our in vitro results. In addition to the early expansion of myofibroblasts [4], we definitely show that at least HSCs and Kupffer cells expand due to proliferation in CDE livers and M2-Pk is preferentially expressed in exactly the cells with high DNA synthesis.

Chem Commun 2005, 34:4351–4353.CrossRef 25. Sauvage F, Di Fonzo F, Li Bassi A, Casari CS, Russo V, Divitini G, Ducati C, Bottani CE, Comte P, Graetzel M: Hierarchical TiO 2 photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett 2010, 10:2562–2567.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions SYK and FIL supervised the research and revised the manuscript. JFY designed and carried out the experiment and statistical analysis and participated in drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.”
“Background In the past of several decades, ion beam analysis (IBA) based on low-energy

accelerator has developed to be a comprehensive particle Alvelestat in vitro analytical discipline system [1–4]. A further exploitation of what can be paid more attention has springed up on the functional materials [5], in situ observation for defects on semiconductor industry and the simulation of multi-ion

irradiation environment. For instance, the energetic ion-solid interaction was taken as a classic model to characterize some structure information of superconductor at room temperature or high K by projecting MeV ions to impact on superconductive targets [6]. In order to understand the influence induced by implanting multi-energy ions to the substrate, in particular ICG-001 molecular weight several defects that lead to some phase transitions in matter, in situ characterization of these transients which can exhibit a clear physical many image on changeable process of the structure was performed by the accelerator-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) interface system [7, 8]. For practical application of multi-particle irradiation, the purpose of fabricating the multi-ion irradiation stage associated with simulation of the realistic environment where some special materials or functional devices are used is scientific and effective [9, 10]. In a way, not only can ion

beam analysis take full advantage of probing the stoichiometry but can also trace reasonable explanation on structure details of the matter [11]. In Wuhan University, the double 1.7 MV Tandetron accelerator was inherited from Physical Institution of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2004. After several important maintenances and upgrades of facility, some primary ion beam analysis with terminal voltage at 1.2 MV can be performed in a good state, such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). Besides, we have developed some extensive applications, including accelerator-TEM interface system [7] and double-ion beam radiation chamber and another new design of low-energy cluster chamber for ion implantation. As another kind of ultra-thin carbon film, graphene is a promising material which is probable to replace silicon integration technique due to its advanced and novel physical properties [12, 13].