Some studies, which combined data from

other genotypes, have shown that the concurrent lack of GSTM1/GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes posed a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer [20, 28, 29]. However, these studies have not been confirmed by other authors [23]. One of the reasons for such discrepancy in the findings might lie in the difficulty of analyzing the impact of the modified GST activity on detoxification of known carcinogens. GST has overlapping substrate specificities; therefore, deficiency of a single GST isoenzyme may be compensated by other isoforms. Another important factor is the differential expression of genes for GST in different cells. The variation in published prostate cancer prevalence rates can be attributed partly to methodological differences in survey design, including age distribution of the population surveyed. It is also known that the incidence of prostate cancer is underestimated, www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD7762.html maybe due to poor compliance of elderly with screening recommendations. Thus, regular follow-ups are difficult

to achieve and, as a consequence, many men never know they have prostate cancer. It has been reported that the calculated prevalence of prostate cancer at death (i.e. histological evidence) for a 60-year-old man is 32%, whereas but the prevalence in living men (clinically-defined disease) is approximately 4% [30]. In contrast to the possible role of GST in environmental carcinogenesis, Masitinib (AB1010) it has SN-38 been suggested that GST genotypes conferring lower enzyme activity may be of advantage for the patients who are undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment for neoplastic disease because reduced detoxification potentially enhances effectiveness of cytotoxic drugs [31]. Although somewhat speculative, the GST polymorphisms might be a protective factor during the

period of chemotherapy, as the carriers of GST null genotypes might better respond to the treatment. At present, it is difficult to confidently evaluate the GST polymorphisms impact on prostate cancer patients. Apparently, it would be far too simplistic to attribute a complex problem such as prostate cancer to any single cause. Although it is methodologically difficult to identify and separate all the factors that make it difficult to identify individual changes, it is nevertheless possible to conduct a carefully designed international and/or multicentric study, or of combining results of several independent studies on the topic. Conclusion Our results suggest a possible association between the GSTP1 Val/Val genotype and the occurrence of prostate cancer. However, broad confidence intervals indicate a naturally high variability in GST polymorphisms in the population, which has given less weight to the observed differences in GSTP1 Val/Val genotype frequencies between the patients and the control subjects.

Below, we introduce the grand and the middle-range theories, which can be critically and systematically applied. The Earth system metaphor This sub-theme deals with emerging attempts to conceptualise and study natural and social systems as a single interrelated Earth system. According to this approach, the Earth system consists of two main components: the ecosphere with four subsystems (atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere) and the this website anthroposphere that accounts

for all human activity (Schellnhuber 1999; Steffen et al. 2004). Building upon a view from space provided by remote sensing technology, global databases and sophisticated computer models, the quest of Earth system science is consequently to move beyond the study of each subsystem as a self-contained entity in favour of a holistic and interdisciplinary understanding CP673451 cell line of how they are connected and interlinked. While this approach acknowledges the complexity, non-linearity and surprise built into ‘the coupled socio-ecological system,’ it may also epitomise modern virtues such as rationality, control and predictability. Hence, this sub-theme can help scrutinise the tensions built into the Earth system metaphor and analyse their implications for the understanding of sustainability

(Lövbrand et al. 2009). The world system dynamics metaphor: theories of unequal exchange The world system perspective was created by economic historians and sociologists in the field of development theory (Wallerstein 1974), but is now also core to discussions on sustainability and political ecology. Whereas conventional economic science

seems unable to accommodate concepts of unequal exchange, except in the sense of monopoly (i.e. market power), several strands of trans-disciplinary ecological economics are developing methodological tools for defining unequal exchange in objective, biophysical terms. Two potentially useful tools for assessing asymmetric resource flows are Ecological Footprints (Wackernagel et al. 2000) and Material Flow Analysis (Weisz 2007), as discussed below. Biophysical accounting tools, measuring the physical volumes exchanged or the Ketotifen land requirements of their production, tend to provide completely different perspectives on international trade than conventional economic statistics based on monetary value (Hornborg 2001; Martinez-Alier 2002). These new approaches to global, societal metabolism are of crucial significance for the topic of sustainability. Climate change, for example, will be one major, to some extent predictable, driver of changes in the global distribution of vital ecosystem services, which can be integrated into existing frameworks for addressing and projecting exchange patterns. Resilience of coupled social–ecological systems As an analytical framework, resilience emerged in ecology during the 1970s in reaction to ideas of equilibrium.

These

pitfalls include high cost, requirement of expert personnel, advanced instruments, and much time [20]. Thus, in addition to qualitative iPCR and other similar methods, iLAMP-Au-nanoprobe method can be used instead of real-time iPCR. Different nanoparticle-based nanoprobes have been designed so far. Gold, silver, and HCS assay quantum dot (fluorescent) nanoparticles are main nanoparticles that are used for detection of target nucleic acids. Gold nanoprobes (Au nanoprobes) Gold-nanoparticle probes take the optical advantages of gold nanoparticles at the time of specific hybridization between their nucleic acid parts with target nucleic acids. The hybridization brings the gold nanoparticle part of these probes near each other, leading their aggregation and subsequent color change from deep red to blue/purple [38]. Generally, two main formats are used to detect target DNA by Au nanoprobes called ‘homogenous’ or ‘solution-based’ format and ‘heterogenous’ or ‘solid-based’ format. In the homogenous format, the hybridization of Au nanoprobes with target occurs homogenously without any attachment to any solid supports. However, in the heterogenous format the recognition

of target sequence occurs on a specific probe sequence linked to a solid support. The routine method of target detection using heterogenous format is a sandwich-type reaction, in which target sequence is hybridized with two specific probes, so that one probe is attached to a solid base; after hybridization of target sequence,

Janus kinase (JAK) check details the secondary probe (Au nanoprobe) hybridizes with the other part of target sequence. The presence of specific target is detected then by the use of silver enhancement. This format of detection shows more sensitivity and specificity for recognition of target nucleic acid compared with homogenous format [38]. Although silver enhancement has some drawbacks, the results can be quantified based on the intensities of reduced silver. The drawbacks are high background of silver enhancement and weak signal-to-noise ratio [39]. However, these can be avoided by using gold enhancement instead of silver enhancement. Gold enhancement has been used in two studies for detecting target nucleic acid in homogenous format [40, 41]; and due to the high false-positive results associated with silver enhancement [39], gold enhancement can be used for the detection of target nucleic acids in heterogenous format and can be applied for quantitative detection of iLAMP products by Au nanoprobes in iLAMP-Au-nanoprobe method. Another advantage of heterogenous format is its applicability for simultaneous, high-throughput assay of several samples. This can be achieved using 96-well or 384-well microplates so that each single well can be a site for one reaction. Another type of solid-base format is the application of paper strips for detection of targets by Au nanoprobes [34].

There was no systematic schedule for INR monitoring after the administration of reversal agents, and repeat doses of coagulation factors were administered at the treating provider’s discretion based on the follow-up INR after the first dose. There was no systematic screening for thromboembolic events; patients were assessed for any potential thromboembolic complications as was deemed clinically appropriate. Data were

compared between the two groups to determine if differences were statistically significant for the above-mentioned demographic, coagulation, and outcome parameters, with the primary efficacy end-point being achievement of goal INR less than or equal to 1.5, and the primary safety end-point being number of thromboembolic events. Statistical tests utilized include the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test to compare continuous data, reported as median [IQR], and

Chi Square selleck chemicals llc or Fisher exact test for categorical data, reported as n, %. A p value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 74 PCC3 patients and 32 LDrFVIIa patients were included in the final analysis (Figure 1). There were no significant differences between the groups with regards to age, gender, or indication for anticoagulation with warfarin (Table 1). There AZD1480 was also no difference in the indication for emergent reversal (Table 2), except for more patients who presented with subdural hematoma received LDrFVIIa. The groups were similar with regards to the percentage of patients receiving vitamin K (77.0% PCC3 vs. 68.8% LDrFVIIa, p = 0.37) or FFP (66.2% PCC3 vs. 65.6% LDrFVIIa p = 0.95), and the number FFP units administered (2[0-4] PCC3 vs. 2[0-4] LDrFVIIa, p = 0.75) (Table 3). The initial dose of PCC3 was 1540[1429-1978] units or 19.9 [18.6-20.8] units/kg, and

the dose of LDrFVIIa was 1000[1000-1000] mcg or 11.5 [10.1-15.0] mcg/kg. Table 4 details the INR response comparing the two coagulation factors. Baseline INRs were equivalent for the two groups prior to the first dose of either PCC3 or LDrFVIIa (3.1[2.3-4.1] PCC3 vs. 2.8[2.2-3.6] LDrFVIIa, p = 0.52). After oxyclozanide one dose of coagulation factor, 71.9% of patients in the LDrFVIIa group achieved goal INR of 1.5 or less compared to 33.8% in the PCC3 group (p = 0.001). The time between pre and post coagulation factor INRs was similar (3:53[2:32-7:17]) in PCC3 group and 4:30[2:21-6:25] in LDrFVIIa group, p = 0.78). The percent change in INR was higher after administration of LDrFVIIa compared to PCC3 (54.1% [47.3%-62.7%] for the LDrFVIIa group vs. 38.8% [30.7%-56.0%] for the PCC3 group, p = 0.002). Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics of the study patients Characteristics PCC3 (n = 74) LD rFVIIa (n = 32) p Demographics       Age (years)* 73 [62.3-81.0] 67 [59.5-79.3] 0.32 M:F 43:31 22:10 0.

9 ± 0.5, 8.9 ± 0.5, 10.0 ± 0.5 [31], 12.4 ± 0.5 [32], and 16.4 ± 0.5 year [33]. During 1 year, between mean age of 7.9 and 8.9 years, half the cohort received a supplementation of calcium in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, as previously reported [31]. Exclusion criteria at baseline were: ratio of weight/height <3rd or >97th percentile, physical signs of puberty, chronic disease,

malabsorption, bone disease, and regular use of medication as previously described [31]. The ethics committees of the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics of the University Hospitals of Geneva approved the protocol while informed consent was obtained from both EVP4593 parents and children [31]. All subjects were recruited within the Geneva area. Clinical assessment Body weight, standing height, and BMI (kg/m2) were retrospectively obtained at birth (n = 115) and 1 year of age (n = 96) through questionnaires sent to the parents and the pediatricians. These anthropometric

variables were then prospectively measured at each visit from 7.9 years of age on. At mean age (±SD) 7.9 ± 0.5 and 8.9 ± 0.5 year, pubertal stage was assessed by direct clinical examination made by a pediatrician–endocrinologist. At mean age of 10.0, 12.4, and 16.4 years pubertal maturation was assessed by a self-assessment questionnaire with drawings and written description of Tanner’s Ruboxistaurin datasheet breast and pubic hair. Silibinin At mean age 7.9 and 8.9 years, all girls were classified Tanner’s stage P1 while at mean age of 10.0 years, 38% of them had reached Tanner’s stage P2. Menarcheal age (MENA) was then assessed prospectively by direct interview at the second, third, fourth, and fifth visits, i.e., at the mean age of 8.9, 10.0, 12.4, and 16.4 years. MENA was within physiological range in all girls according to reference values established in the general population living in the same area [33]. Moreover,

there was no case of pathological delayed or precocious puberty. The use of contraceptive pill for more than 3 months was recorded as well as smoking expressed in yearly pack units. Calcium intake At each visit from 7.9 years, spontaneous, i.e., baseline calcium intake, as essentially assessed from dairy sources, was estimated by a frequency questionnaire [34]. Measurement of bone variables Areal bone mineral density (mg/cm2) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the level of the femoral neck (FN) with a Hologic QDR-4500 instrument (Waltham, MA, USA), as previously reported [33]. The coefficient of variation of repeated aBMD measurements varied between 1.0% and 1.6% [33].Volumetric bone density and microstructure were determined at the distal tibia by HR-pQCT on an XtremeCT instrument (Scanco medical AG®, Basserdorf, Switzerland), as previously described [35].

To our knowledge, this study is the first report showing that EV71 infection activates learn more JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways in iDCs and leads to increased viral yield and proinflammatory cytokine secretions. Moreover, inhibition of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways could effectively reduces viral replication and cytokine release, supporting the idea that the activation of these two pathways are important for EV71 infection. We speculate that JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK regulate viral replication by acting at certain specific steps of viral replication cycle, including attachment, entry, gene transcription, protein expressions, and

assembly, as well as viral pathogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied in vitro or in vivo to highlight JNK1/2 or p38 MAPK as a potential broad antiviral molecular target for treatment of EV71 infection. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Guanghua Luo, Ming Li, Rong Wang and Haifeng Deng for their help in flow cytometry and statistical analysis. This research project was supported by the National Natural Science LY2874455 cell line Foundation of

China (NSFC) (81171653 and 30972703) and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2011246 and BK2011247). References 1. Crawford NW, Graham SM: EV71 vaccine: protection from a previously neglected disease. Lancet 2013, 381:1968–1970.PubMedCrossRef 2. Li W, Teng G, Tong H,

Jiao Y, Zhang T, Chen H, Wu H: Study on risk factors for severe hand, foot and mouth disease in china. PLoS One 2014, 9:e87603.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 3. Nagata oxyclozanide N, Iwasaki T, Ami Y, Tano Y, Harashima A, Suzaki Y, Sato Y, Hasegawa H, Sata T, Miyamura T, Shimizu H: Differential localization of neurons susceptible to enterovirus 71 and poliovirus type 1 in the central nervous system of cynomolgus monkeys after intravenous inoculation. J Gen Virol 2004, 85:2981–2989.PubMedCrossRef 4. Solomon T, Lewthwaite P, Perera D, Cardosa MJ, McMinn P, Ooi MH: Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of enterovirus 71. Lancet Infect Dis 2010, 10:778–790.PubMedCrossRef 5. Yip CC, Lau SK, Woo PC, Yuen KY: Human enterovirus 71 epidemics: what’s next? Emerg Health Threats J 2013, 6:19780.PubMed 6. Lee TC, Guo HR, Su HJ, Yang YC, Chang HL, Chen KT: Diseases caused by enterovirus 71 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009, 28:904–910.PubMedCrossRef 7. Guma M, Stepniak D, Shaked H, Spehlmann ME, Shenouda S, Cheroutre H, Vicente-Suarez I, Eckmann L, Kagnoff MF, Karin M: Constitutive intestinal NF-κB does not trigger destructive inflammation unless accompanied by MAPK activation. J Exp Med 2011, 208:1889–1900.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 8.

In this see more study, a facile, two-step wet chemical synthesis process at low temperature was applied to vertically grown TiO2 nano-branched arrays on F:SnO2 conductive glass (FTO). By varying the growth time, the length of nanobranches was optimized to provide a larger area for deposition of CdS quantum dots. Using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method, CdS quantum dots were deposited on the surface of TiO2 nano-branched arrays to make a photoanode for quantum dot solar cells. The efficiency of the solar cells varied as the growth time of TiO2 nanobranches changed. A light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 0.95% was recorded for

solar cells based on an optimized nano-branched array, indicating an increase of 138% compared to that of solar cells based on unbranched arrays. Methods Growth of single-crystalline rutile TiO2 nano-branched arrays by facile, two-step wet chemical synthesis process The TiO2 nanorod arrays were obtained using the following hydrothermal methods: 50 mL of deionized water was mixed with 40 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. After stirring at ambient temperature for 5 min, 400 μL of titanium tetrachloride was added to the

mixture. SRT1720 order The feedstock prepared above was injected into a stainless steel autoclave with a Teflon lining. The FTO substrates were ultrasonically cleaned for 10 min in a mixed solution of deionized water, acetone, and 2-propanol with volume ratios of 1:1:1 and were placed at an angle against the Teflon liner wall with the conducting side facing down. The hydrothermal synthesis was performed by placing the autoclave in an oven and keeping it at 180°C for 2 h. After synthesis, the autoclave was cooled to room temperature under flowing water, and the FTO substrates were taken out, washed extensively with deionized water, and dried in the open air. The TiO2

nanobranches were grown by immersing the TiO2 nanorod arrays PFKL prepared above in a bottle filled with an aqueous solution of 0.2 M TiCl4. The bottle was sealed and kept at a constant temperature of 25°C for 6 to 24 h. Finally, the TiO2 nano-branched arrays on FTO were rinsed with ethanol and air-dried at 50°C. After synthesis, the nano-branched arrays were annealed under 450°C for 30 min. Deposition of CdS quantum dots using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method In a typical SILAR deposition cycle, Cd2+ ions were deposited from a 0.05 M Cd(NO3)2 ethanol solution; the sulfide source was 0.05 M Na2S in methanol/water (1:1, v/v). The conductive FTO glass, pre-grown with TiO2 nano-branched arrays, was dipped into the Cd(NO3)2 ethanol solution for 2 min, then dipped into a Na2S solution for another 5 min. This entire SILAR process was repeated to obtain the optimal thickness of CdS quantum dots.

5 grams of Kre-Alkalyn is equivalent to about 10–15 grams of ordinary Creatine”; that it is “an alternative to all the bloating, cramping, and other side effects associated with traditional creatine supplementation”; and, that it is “the world’s most potent creatine” [28]. The manufacturer cites several clinical studies on their website performed in Bulgaria to support their claims [28, 30]. However, we could find no peer-reviewed articles cited in the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed related to “Kre-Alkalyn”,

or “buffered creatine” from the purported study authors or anyone else. One paper that was presented at the International Society of Sports Nutrition annual meeting in 2007 reported that the conversion of creatine to creatinine from CrM at a pH of 1.0 and 37°C was less than 1% after 5, 30 and 120 minutes while KA had a 35% greater conversion to creatinine under Selleckchem 4SC-202 similar conditions [31]. However, full details of this study have yet to be published. Our research group has extensive

experience in conducting clinical research studies on the efficacy and safety of supplementing the diet during training with various NVP-LDE225 cell line forms of creatine [9, 25, 26, 32–39]. As a result, AlzChem AG (Trostberg, Germany), a primary raw material provider of pure creatine monohydrate, provided a grant to our university to conduct an independent research study to compare the effects of supplementing the diet with KA at recommended doses (1.5 g/d for 28-days) and creatine equivalent loading (20 g/d for 7-days) and maintenance doses (5 g/d for 21-days) of KA to CrM (20 g/d for 7-days, 5 g/d for 21-days) on muscle creatine retention, body composition, strength, anaerobic capacity and markers of health status. We also sought Acyl CoA dehydrogenase to determine whether ingesting the purported buffered

form of creatine would be associated with fewer side effects than creatine monohydrate as claimed. Theoretically, if KA is indeed a more efficacious form of creatine, the recommended doses of KA (1.5 g/d) would be as effective or more effective than consuming standard loading (20 g/d for 7-day) and maintenance doses (5 g/d for 21-days) of CrM on increasing muscle creatine levels and training adaptations with fewer side effects. Additionally, ingesting creatine equivalent loading and maintenance doses of KA would theoretically promote greater effects with fewer side effects in those ingesting standard loading and maintenance doses of CrM. Methods Experimental design Table 1 presents the general experimental design employed in this study. The study was conducted in a double-blind, randomized controlled manner. The independent variable was the type of creatine ingested.

6 mm, Phenomenex, Aschaffenburg, Germany) and eluted isocratically with H2O containing 0.1%

HCOOH at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The obtained fractions were freeze-dried, dissolved in sterile distilled water and subjected to an antibacterial test described above. The active fraction was subsequently used for high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analysis. Bioautography Bioautography was performed as previously described selleck screening library [39]. In short, M-1 GSC culture supernatant was loaded onto an XAD16 (Sigma) resin column which was then washed and eluted with methanol. After being dried by a rotary evaporator, the samples were redissolved in methanol and spotted onto silica gel 60 F254 thin-layer chromatography (TLC) aluminium sheets (20 by 20 cm; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and separated by TLC using n-BuOH : AcOH : H2O = 4:1:3 containing 1/20 volume of pyridine as the solvent system. Afterwards, strips of the TLC plates were stuck on the surface of the LB agar containing indicator strains at room temperature for 2 h. The LB agar plates were then incubated at 30°C overnight.

The inhibition zones documented the positions of the antibacterial compounds separated by TLC. Their R f values were calculated. The experiments were repeated at least three times. Matrix material Kinase Inhibitor Library price from the positions at which the antibacterial compounds were located was scraped from the silica gel, and extracted with methanol. Then the extracts were lyophilized and analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. MS analysis Metabolites in culture supernatant of M-1 were investigated by MALDI-TOF-MS. After M-1 was grown in GSC medium at 30°C for 72 h, samples for mass spectrometric analysis were taken from the culture supernatant and used for measurements after dilution 1:10 with 50% acetonitrile: 50% water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid Urease (solution A). Samples from the TLC plates were diluted in the same way. MALDI-TOF-mass spectra were recorded using a Bruker Autoflex instrument equipped with a 337 nm nitrogen laser for desorption and ionization. A 2-μL aliquot of each sample was mixed

with the same volume of matrix solution (a saturated solution of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in solution A), spotted on the target, air dried and measured as described previously [50]. Spectra were recorded by positive ion detection in reflector mode. The acceleration and reflector voltages were 19 and 20 kV in pulsed ion extraction mode. A molecular gate of 350 Da improved the measurements by filtering out most matrix ions. PSD-MALDI-TOF-MS of the polymyxins were generated with the same samples. Monoisotopic masses were obtained. In addition, M-1 GSC culture supernatant and the active fraction were analyzed by an online HPLC (1100 series HPLC system, Agilent Technologies) coupled to a QTRAP 2000 mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems) using a Luna C18 100 Å 50 × 1 mm column (Phenomenex).

He was discharged from the hospital on the 86th POD, after physical rehabilitation. He has resumed daily life and is free from complications more than 33 months after surgery. Review of reported

cases There are only two reports of a gastropericardial fistula of a gastric tube ulcer after esophagectomy [1, 5]. The other 26 cases of pericardium-penetrating MM-102 manufacturer gastric tube ulcers have been reported in Japan, mostly Japanese conference proceedings or case reports in Japanese. All 29 cases, including the current case, are listed in Table 2; all cases were reconstructed via a retrosternal route, except two via a posterior mediastinum, one via intra-thorax, and one unknown case. Postoperative durations vary from 2 months up to 12 years. Initial symptoms are usually chest pain or chest discomfort, with 12 patients (41%) initially presenting at cardiovascular/internal medicine or general practitioners. The current case was presented to and primarily treated by cardiologists. Conservative therapy, percutaneous pericardial drainage, or surgical drainage was adopted for 10 (37%), eight (30%), and nine patients (33%), respectively (Table 2). Thirteen patients were rescued, three in 10 by conservative therapies, two in six with trans-cutaneous drainage, including one that eventually needed additional surgical treatment, and eight in nine in surgical drainage; rescue ratios of 30%, 33%, and 89%, respectively.

Prognosis in surgical drainage is much better than that in conservative ARS-1620 concentration therapies or in percutaneous drainage. Table 2 Reported cases of gastropericardial fistula ALOX15 of gastric tube ulcer since 1984, quoted and partially modified from a report by Shibutani et al.   Patient Time between   Case Report year Age Sex surgery and onset Reconstruction route Primary symptom Initial treatment Modality for therapy Outcome Reference 1 1984 46 Male 2 years 5 months Retrosternal Shock Surgery Conservative Death C. P.* [14] 2 1989 58 Male 3 years Retrosternal Chest pain, tachycardia Internal medicine Not described Death C. P.* [15] 3 1991 67 Male 3 months Retrosternal Precordial pain Surgery Conservative

Death ref. [1] 4 1993 66 Male 9 years Retrosternal Chest pain Internal medicine Conservative Death C. P.* [16] 5 1993 57 Female 4 years Intra-thoracic Retrosternal pain Internal medicine Not described Death C. P.* [17] 6 1996 66 Male 1 year 9 months Posterior mediastinal Chest pain Surgery Conservative Rescued [18] 7 1997 74 Male 8 years Retrosternal Precordial pain Surgery Surgical drainage (left thoracotomy) Rescued [19] 8 1998 62 Male 2 months Retrosternal Shock Surgery Conservative Death [20] 9 1998 N/A   2 years Retrosternal Shock Surgery Surgical drainage (left thoracotomy → right thoracotomy) Death C. P.* [21] 10 1999 56 Male 2 years 5 months Retrosternal Precordial pain Internal medicine Surgical drainage, partial resection of gastric tube Rescued C. P.