Comparative FLAIR and volumetric analyses yielded 89% and 78% accuracies, respectively. A multi-modality analysis did not generate a higher accuracy (89%). A quantitative anatomically compartmented approach to SPECT analysis yields a particularly high lateralization accuracy in the case of mTLE comparable to that of quantitative FLAIR MR imaging. Hippocampal segmentation in this regard correlates well with ictal origin and shows good reliability in the preoperative analysis. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We describe a distant

check details homologue of the fungal HET-s prion, which is found in the fungus Fusarium graminearum. The domain FgHET-s(218-289), which corresponds to the prion domain in HET-s from Podospora anserina, forms amyloid fibrils in vitro and is able to efficiently cross-seed HET-s(218-289) prion formation. We structurally characterize FgHET-s(218-289), which displays 38% sequence

identity with HET-s(218-289). Solid-state NMR and hydrogen/deuterium exchange detected by NMR show that the fold and a number of structural details are very similar for the prion domains of the two proteins. This structural similarity readily explains why cross-seeding occurs here in spite of A-1331852 the sequence divergence. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Many studies have investigated the consequences of individual variation in resting metabolic rate at thermoneutrality (RMRt) on reproductive performance. Despite strong theoretical reasons for expecting

such an association, results have generally been disappointing. A fundamental assumption of these studies is that RMRt is a repeatable trait. We examined repeatability of RMRt in female MF1 mice over short (15 days apart; N=238) and long intervals (110 days apart; N=33). In the long-term experiment, after the first RMRt measurement, females were separated in two groups: the first was kept virgin (N=16); CT99021 cost the second was allowed to breed (N=17) and measured 15 days after they had weaned their pups. We also examined the association between RMRt and reproduction. We used Pearson’s correlation (r) and intraclass correlation coefficients (rho) to estimate repeatability. There was a strong effect of body mass on RMRt for all measurements. Over the short interval, repeatability was significant for body mass (r=0.86; rho=0.86), RMRt (r=0.68; rho=0.68,) and residual-RMRt (r=0.58; rho=0.58). Over long intervals, repeatability of residual-RMRt was high in virgin females (r=0.59; rho=0.60), but not in the breeders (r=0.38; rho=0.39); body mass was repeatable only for non-breeders measured by r (r=0.55). There was no significant correlation between RMRt or residual-RMRt and litter size or litter mass. In conclusion, RMRt and residual-RMRt are highly repeatable traits in virgin MF1 female mice.

“
“Reactive oxygen CP-456773 manufacturer species and their detrimental effects on the brain after transient ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic reperfusion

injury. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is an endogenous antioxidant protein that has neuroprotective effects. We hypothesized that Trx-1 plays a crucial role in regulating cerebral I/R injury. To be able to test this, 190 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) with Trx-1 siRNA (small interference RNA) injected 24 h prior to ischemia. At 24 h after tMCAO, we measured neurological deficits, infarct volume, and brain water content, and found that neurological dysfunction, brain infarct size, and brain edema were worse in the Trx-1 siRNA group than in the control group. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde level. The levels of Trx-1 and its cofactor, peroxiredoxin (Prdx), were significantly decreased after Trx-1 down-regulated. However, there is no significant difference in the Prdx mRNA level after administration of Trx-1 siRNA. In contrast, Prdx-SO3 protein levels were significantly increased in the Trx-1 siRNA group. We also investigated the

specific role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in Trx-1 induction by knocking down Nrf2. Nrf2 siRNA injection decreased Trx-1 www.selleckchem.com/products/bromosporine.html mRNA and protein expression. Our results suggest that the exacerbation of brain damage was associated with enhanced cerebral peroxidation in brain tissues. Moreover, C59 Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor these results revealed that Trx-1, which is more likely regulated by Nrf2, exerts a neuroprotective role probably through maintaining the reduction activity of Prdx1-4. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of IBRO.”
“The central importance of chorismate enzymes in bacteria, fungi, parasites, and plants combined with their absence in mammals makes them attractive

targets for antimicrobials and herbicides. Two of these enzymes, anthranilate synthase (AS) and aminodeoxychorismate synthase (ADCS), are structurally and mechanistically similar. The first catalytic step, amination at C2, is common between them, but AS additionally catalyzes pyruvate elimination, aromatizing the aminated intermediate to anthranilate. Despite prior attempts, the conversion of a pyruvate elimination-deficient enzyme into an elimination-proficient one has not been reported. Janus, a bioinformatics method for predicting mutations required to functionally interconvert homologous enzymes, was employed to predict mutations to convert ADCS into AS. A genetic selection on a library of Janus-predicted mutations was performed. Complementation of an AS-deficient strain of Escherichia coli grown on minimal medium led to several ADCS mutants that allow growth in 6 days compared to 2 days for wild-type AS.

5 million people, while in the UK there were 22 mother-baby units (168 beds) in 2012 (1 unit per 2.8 million). In the UK, less than 50% of trusts provided specialised perinatal-psychiatric health care. CONCLUSIONS: The main difference between the UK and Switzerland

was the absence of guidelines, regular assessment and plans for future development of perinatal psychiatry in Switzerland. There are still geographical differences in the provision of perinatal-psychiatric services in the UK.”
“Many mitotic factors were shown to be activated by Ran guanosine triphosphatase. BLZ945 Previous studies in Xenopus laevis egg extracts and in highly proliferative cells showed that mitotic chromosomes were surrounded by steep Ran guanosine triphosphate (GTP) concentration gradients, indicating that RanGTP-activated factors promote spindle assembly around chromosomes. However, the mitotic role of Ran in normal differentiated cells is not known. In this paper, we show that although the steep mitotic RanGTP gradients were present in rapidly growing cell lines and were required for chromosome congression in mitotic HeLa cells, the gradients were strongly reduced in slow-growing

primary cells, such as HFF-1 fibroblasts. The overexpression of RCC1, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ran, induced steeper mitotic RanGTP gradients in HFF-1 cells, showing the critical Sapanisertib cost role of RCC1 levels in the regulation of mitosis by Ran. Remarkably, in vitro fusion of HFF-1 cells produced cells with steep mitotic RanGTP gradients comparable to HeLa cells, indicating that chromosomal gain can promote mitosis in aneuploid cancer cells via Ran.”
“Background: Research questionnaires are not always translated appropriately before they are used in new temporal, cultural or linguistic settings. The results based on such instruments may therefore not accurately reflect what they are supposed to

measure. This paper aims to illustrate the process and required steps involved in the cross-cultural adaptation of a research instrument using the adaptation process of an attitudinal instrument as an example.\n\nMethods: A questionnaire was needed for the implementation of a study in Norway 2007. There was no appropriate instruments available in Norwegian, thus an MK-2206 in vivo Australian-English instrument was cross-culturally adapted.\n\nResults: The adaptation process included investigation of conceptual and item equivalence. Two forward and two back-translations were synthesized and compared by an expert committee. Thereafter the instrument was pretested and adjusted accordingly. The final questionnaire was administered to opioid maintenance treatment staff (n = 140) and harm reduction staff (n = 180). The overall response rate was 84%. The original instrument failed confirmatory analysis. Instead a new two-factor scale was identified and found valid in the new setting.

Cox proportional hazard regression

analysis was conducted to determine clinical, functional, and occupational factors influencing JNK-IN-8 MAPK inhibitor return to work within 18 months. Of 351 registered stroke patients (280 males, 71 females, mean age +/- A SD, 55.3 +/- A 7.2 years) who met inclusion criteria, 250 responded to the follow-up survey and 101 were lost to follow-up. Half (51 %) succeeded in returning to work during the 18-month follow-up after stroke onset. After adjusting for age, gender, and Barthel index at initial rehabilitation, the following factors were identified as significant predictors of a return to work: white-collar versus blue-collar occupation (hazard ratio (HR) 1.5; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.2), no aphasia (HR 3.0; 95 % CI 1.5-5.9), no attention dysfunction (HR 2.0; 95 % CI 1.0-4.0),

and walking ability (HR 3.1; 95 % CI 1.3-7.1). This study indicated the importance of tailored rehabilitation to alleviate the impact of higher cortical dysfunction and to support return to work by stroke survivors.”
“N-Benzyl-2-nitro benzenesulfonamides underwent base-mediated intramolecular arylation at the benzyl sp(3) carbon to yield benzhydrylamines. The presence of electron withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring of the benzyl group was required heterocylces, as exemplified in the synthesis of indazole oxides selleck products and quinazolines.”
“Maintaining a high and constant body temperature (Tb) is often viewed as a fundamental benefit of endothermy, but variation in Tb is likely the norm rather than an exception among endotherms. Thus, attempts to elucidate which factors cause Tb of endotherms to deviate away from the Tb that maximizes performance are becoming more common. One approach relies on an adaptive framework of thermoregulation, used for a

long time to predict variation in Tb of ectotherms, as a starting point to make predictions about the factors that should lead to thermoregulatory variation in endotherms. Here we test the predictions that when confronted with thermoregulatory challenges endotherms should (1) become more heterothermic, (2) lower their Tb setpoint, and/or (3) increase behavioral thermoregulation (e.g., activity levels or social thermoregulation). BLZ945 We exposed two species of relatively homeothermic mole-rats to two such challenges: (a) ambient temperatures (Ta) well below the thermoneutral zone and (b) increased heat loss caused by the removal of dorsal fur. In general, our results support the adaptive framework of endothermic thermoregulation with each species conforming to some of the predictions. For example, Mashona mole-rats (Fukomys darlingi) increased heterothermy as Ta decreased, highveld mole-rats (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae) displayed lower Tb’s after shaving, and both species increased behavioral thermoregulation as Ta decreased.

5%) compared with Wii (59.5%).\n\nConclusions: AVGs showed clinically significant increases in EE for all 3 participants and can be performed by nonambulatory wheelchair users ranging from those with NL to those with SEV upper extremity limitation with the appropriate adaptations.”
“Every

year, significant amounts of date palm rachises are accumulated in Tunisia. The rational valorisation of this renewable resource is therefore imperative, in order to fulfil the sustainability approach. In this context, this work aims to study the potential use of date palm rachises as a raw material for papermaking and to compare it with other sources of lignocellulosic fibres, PRIMA-1MET in vivo such as wood, non-wood species, and agricultural wastes. For this purpose, soda-anthraquinone pulping of date palm rachis was performed giving rise to a yield of 45% (w/w). This value is similar to that obtained by pulping non-wood materials and is higher than that corresponding to the pulping of agricultural residues. The resulting pulps were

subsequently refined using a PFI mill refiner at 0, 500, 1500, and 3000 revolutions, screened through a 0.15 mm mesh size sieve and used Selleck Selisistat to produce conventional handsheets. Both pulps and papers were fully characterized in terms of morphological, chemical and physical properties, according to commonly used standards. The physical properties of the prepared handsheets were very similar to those displayed by other papers made of common lignocellulosic fibres. Furthermore, the pulps exhibited a good drainability together with excellent mechanical properties of the ensuing papers. For these reasons, date palm rachises could be considered as a potential source of fibres for papermaking applications.”
“Embellisia

astragali is an important seedborne pathogenic fungus responsible for yellow stunt and root rot of standing click here milk vetch (Astragalus adsurgens). The current detection methods that are based on culture and morphological identification are time-consuming, laborious and not always reliable. A PCR-based diagnostic method was developed with the species-specific primer pairs AatpF and AatpR designed from the sequence of the plasma membrane ATPase gene of E.astragali. The specificity of the primers was verified by PCR analysis of DNA from three strains of E.astragali and 19 isolates of nontarget fungi from other genera. A single 135-bp amplicon was detected only from E.astragali isolates, and no cross-reactions were observed with any other tested isolates. The detection limit of this new method was 5pg of template DNA. The specific primers enabled the detection of E.astragali from the seed of standing milk vetch. This species-specific PCR method provides quick, simple, powerful and reliable detection of E.astragali. Significance and Impact of the StudyPCR-based detection is fast, convenient, precise and sensitive compared to the traditional methods of pathogen detection.

Anxiety and depression are among the most frequently reported psychiatric diagnoses related to this fact. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of anxiety and depression Src inhibitor in caregivers of pediatric patients with chronic skin disorders, exemplified by atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and vitiligo, and correlate them to the quality of life of the patients. METHODS: The sample consisted of 118 patients with atopic dermatitis, vitiligo and

psoriasis, monitored by their main caregiver. The levels of anxiety and depression in the caregivers were assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory, respectively. The Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index was applied. RESULTS: Anxiety was observed in 36% of the caregivers of the patients with atopic dermatitis, in 36% of those of children affected by psoriasis, and in 42% of those responsible for pediatric patients with vitiligo. Depression occurred in 36% of the caregivers of patients with atopic dermatitis, in 36% of those of children affected by psoriasis and in 26% of those responsible for pediatric patients with vitiligo. There was a significant correlation between LY2606368 research buy poor quality of life scores in patients with vitiligo and the presence of depression and anxiety in their caregivers. CONCLUSION: Emotional disorders tend to be present among close family members of children with the chronic skin diseases studied and their

prevention can help in controlling and treating these diseases.”
“OBJECTIVE: We investigate whether differences in sleep duration help explain ethnic disparities in body mass index (BMI) among US adolescents. We also evaluate the functional form of the association between sleep duration and BMI, and investigate whether this association varies by sex and ethnicity. PARTICIPANTS ASP2215 cost AND METHODS: We analyzed restricted-use data from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 30 133) to evaluate linear and quadratic associations

between sleep duration and BMI. Through a series of models that incorporated interaction terms between sex, ethnicity and sleep duration, we also assessed whether (1) sleep duration mediates associations between ethnicity and BMI, and (2) associations between sleep duration and BMI differ for girls and boys from different ethnic groups. RESULTS: A linear association between sleep duration and BMI best fits the data in this large sample of US adolescents. We find no evidence that sleep duration contributes substantially to ethnic disparities in BMI. However, we detect significant differences in the association between sleep duration and BMI by sex and ethnicity. Sleep duration is negatively associated with BMI among White, Hispanic and Asian boys, positively associated with BMI among Black girls and is not related to BMI among Black boys or girls from White, Hispanic or Asian ethnic groups.

“
“The rise of systems biology is intertwined with that of genomics, yet their primordial relationship to one another is ill-defined. We discuss how the growth of genomics provided a critical boost to the popularity of systems biology. We describe the parts of genomics that share common areas of interest with systems biology today in the areas of gene expression, network inference, chromatin state analysis, pathway analysis, personalized medicine, and upcoming areas of synergy as

genomics selleck chemical continues to expand its scope across all biomedical fields.”
“The reaction mechanisms for selective acetylene hydrogenation on three different supports, Pd-4 cluster, oxygen defective anatase (101), and rutile (110) titania supported Pd-4, cluster are studied using the density functional theory calculations with a Hubbard U correction (DFT+U). The present calculations show that the defect anatase support binds Pd-4 cluster more strongly than that of rutile titania due to the existence of Ti3+ in anatase titania. Consequently, the binding energies

of adsorbed species such as acetylene and ethylene on Pd-4 cluster become weaker on anatase supported catalysts compared to the rutile supported Pd-4 cluster. Anatase catalyst has higher selectivity of acetylene hydrogenation than rutile catalyst. On the one hand, the activation energies Panobinostat price of ethylene formation are similar on the two catalysts, while they vary a lot on ethyl formation. The rutile supported Pd catalyst with lower activation energy is preferable for

further hydrogenation. On the other hand, the relatively weak adsorption selleck chemicals energy of ethylene is gained on anatase surface, which means it is easier for ethylene desorption, hence getting higher selectivity. For further understanding, the energy decomposition method and micro-kinetic analysis are also introduced. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3692292]“
“One stalagmite oxygen isotope record from Sanbao Cave, China, established with 7 (230)Th ages and 355 oxygen isotope data, provides a continuous history of the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) intensity for the period from 284 to 240 thousand years before present (ka BP) with typical errors of 3-4 ka. This new record extends the previously published stalagmite delta (18)O record back to the marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 8. The MIS8 EAM record broadly follows orbitally-induced insolation variations and is punctuated by at least 6 strong- and 3 weak-monsoon events. The weak monsoon events around Termination III (TIII) are dated at similar to 57 ka BP, similar to 253 ka BP and similar to 246 ka BP, and can be distinctly correlated to three ice-rafted debris (IRD) events in the North Atlantic. The TIII appears to display a two-phase glacial termination process, similar to that of the TI and TII.

In this review, we focus on signaling pathways related with tumor angiogenesis and several antiangiogenic agents approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration or under investigation.”
“BACKGROUND\n\nAlthough Crenigacestat purchase thromboprophylaxis reduces the incidence of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients, an associated reduction in the rate of death from any cause has not been shown.\n\nMETHODS\n\nWe conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to assess the effect of subcutaneous enoxaparin (40 mg daily) as compared with placebo – both administered for 10 +/- 4 days in patients who were wearing elastic stockings with graduated compression – on the rate

of death from any cause among hospitalized, acutely ill medical patients at participating sites in China, India, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, and Tunisia. Inclusion criteria were an age of at least 40 years and hospitalization for acute decompensated CHIR-99021 order heart failure, severe systemic infection with at least one risk factor for venous thromboembolism, or active cancer. The primary efficacy outcome was the rate of death from any cause at 30 days after randomization.

The primary safety outcome was the rate of major bleeding during and up to 48 hours after the treatment period.\n\nRESULTS\n\nA total of 8307 patients were randomly assigned to receive enoxaparin plus elastic stockings with graduated compression (4171 patients) or placebo plus elastic stockings with graduated compression (4136 patients) and were included in the intention-to-treat population. The rate of death from any cause at day 30 was 4.9% in the enoxaparin group as compared with 4.8% in the placebo SCH 900776 clinical trial group (risk ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 1.2; P=0.83). The rate of major bleeding was 0.4% in the enoxaparin group and 0.3% in the placebo group (risk ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.7 to 3.1; P=0.35).\n\nCONCLUSIONS\n\nThe use of enoxaparin plus elastic stockings

with graduated compression, as compared with elastic stockings with graduated compression alone, was not associated with a reduction in the rate of death from any cause among hospitalized, acutely ill medical patients. (Funded by Sanofi; LIFENOX ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00622648.)”
“Background. Adverse events occurring early after kidney transplantation were reported to influence graft outcome.\n\nMethods. In a prospective multicenter study initiated in 2001, we investigated the relationship between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alloantibodies, early adverse events, and graft outcome.\n\nResults. Pretransplant presence of HLA class I antibodies was associated with a higher rate of no immediate function (NIF) of the graft (odds ratio [OR] 1.78, P=0.023) and acute rejection episodes (ARE) during the first 3 months after transplantation (OR 2.53, P<0.001).

05). Regarding toxicity, white blood cell decreased more frequently in the control group (65%, 13/20) than in the experimental group (33.3%, 7/21) (p smaller than 0.05); nausea and vomiting also occurred more frequently in the control group (55%, 11/20 vs 23.8%, 5/21) (p smaller than 0.05). In terms of quality of life, this index was improved by 57.1% (12/21) and 25% (5/20) in experimental and control groups, respectively (p smaller than 0.05).

Conclusions: Response rate of TP after combined Nutlin-3 molecular weight with mannan peptide is mildly increased, while this combination alleviates bone marrow suppression as well as nausea and vomiting of TP, and improves quality of life when treating patients with NSCLC. However, this conclusion should be confirmed by randomized clinical trails.”
“The fermented marine alga Porphyra dentata suspension was tested for its fibrinolytic and immune-enhancing activities. An isolated Bacillus subtilis N2 strain was selected GM6001 mw for its fibrinolytic activity on fibrin plates. After investigating the effects of biomass amounts of P. dentata powder in water, various additives including sugars, nitrogen-containing substances, lipids and minerals, and cultural conditions of temperature and agitation

in flask, the highest fibrinolytic activity in the cultural filtrate was obtained by cultivating N2 strain in 3% (w/v) P. dentata powder suspension containing 1% peanut oil at 37 degrees C, 150 rpm for 48 h. A fermentor system was further established using the same medium with controlled pH value of 7.0 at 37 degrees C, 150 rpm, 2.0 vvm for 48 h for the best fibrinolytic activity. The fermented product also showed its immune-enhancing activity by increasing cell proliferation and stimulating the secretion of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in J774.1 cells.”
“Androgenic hormones can rapidly influence how animals behave, although the dynamics of these effects remain elusive. In particular,

we know little about whether androgens rapidly impact behavioural strategizing or whether such effects vary among individuals of the same species. Here, we examine these issues by testing how transient testosterone QNZ clinical trial (T) surges, which normally occur in response to social stimuli, rapidly alter the urinary marking behaviour of socially subordinate and dominant male white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus. Marking behaviour in mice is important in reproductive competition and advertisement; thus, how an individual marks its environment with urine likely reflects the strategy it uses to find a mate. Moreover, urine-marking patterns are indicative of social status and territorial propensity. Our results show that a single T pulse, within minutes, suppresses all measures of urinary marking behaviour in subordinate mice, including amounts of perimeter (territorial) marking and total (status-related) marking. These effects are not observed in dominant mice.

Based on the data obtained VX 770 in this study, it could be concluded that the early accumulation of H(2)O(2) during HS signals the increase in GSH content, which in turn protects rice seedlings from oxidative damage caused by Cd.”
“Patients and methods: In a prospective double-blind randomized trial, 36 neurosurgical patients were treated with clonidine or placebo in combination with standard fentanyl anaesthetic drugs. The rebreathing test described by Read and Leigh was

used to assess the CO(2)-mediated central stimulation of breathing in both groups.\n\nResults: The rebreathing test (measuring times/P0: day before operation; P1 and P2: P1=120 min, P2=180 min after starting the operation; duration of operation (empty set) Citarinostat research buy 63 min) failed to reveal any statistical differences (percentage change in the regression line) between the treatment groups in the responsiveness of the central nervous system to increased CO(2) level (placebo group: 81.5%, clonidine group: 81.2%).\n\nConclusion: The use of clonidine in combination with fentanyl (at the concentrations tested) in general anaesthesia is not associated with prolonged suppression of the respiratory centre.”
“Objective: Cortical auditory evoked potentials, including

mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a to pure tones, harmonic complexes, and speech syllables, were examined across groups of trained musicians and nonmusicians. Because of the extensive formal and informal

auditory training received by musicians throughout their lifespan, it was predicted that these electrophysiological indicators of preattentive pitch discrimination and involuntary find more attention change would distinguish musicians from nonmusicians and provide insight regarding the influence of auditory training and experience on central auditory function.\n\nDesign: A total of 102 (67 trained musicians, 35 nonmusicians) right-handed young women with normal hearing participated in three auditory stimulus conditions: pure tones (25 musicians/15 nonmusicians), harmonic tones (42 musicians/20 nonmusicians), and speech syllables (26 musicians/15 nonmusicians). Pure tone and harmonic tone stimuli were presented in multideviant oddball paradigms designed to elicit MMN and P3a. Each paradigm included one standard and two infrequently occurring deviants. For the pure tone condition, the standard pure tone was 1000 Hz, and the two deviant tones differed in frequency from the standard by either 1.5% (1015 Hz) or 6% (1060 Hz). The harmonic tone complexes were digitally created and contained a fundamental frequency (F0) and three harmonics. The amplitude of each harmonic was divided by its harmonic number to create a natural amplitude contour in the frequency spectrum. The standard tone was G4 (F0 = 392 Hz), and the two deviant tones differed in fundamental frequency from the standard by 1.5% (F0 = 386 Hz) or 6% (F0 = 370 Hz).